BMP inhibitors and neural patterning
... on the control of dorsal cell fates, prospective ventral neural cells may also be exposed to BMP signals prior to or coincident with their exposure to Shh. Cells of the neural plate differentiate from a region of the ectoderm that initially express high levels of BMPs (Fainsod et al., 1994; Streit e ...
... on the control of dorsal cell fates, prospective ventral neural cells may also be exposed to BMP signals prior to or coincident with their exposure to Shh. Cells of the neural plate differentiate from a region of the ectoderm that initially express high levels of BMPs (Fainsod et al., 1994; Streit e ...
Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila
... seek to understand the developmental origin of arbor shape and to shed light on the significance of particular morphologies for nervous system connectivity and function. Dendrite morphogenesis consists of a series of interrelated steps, which include outgrowth and branching, guidance and targeting, ...
... seek to understand the developmental origin of arbor shape and to shed light on the significance of particular morphologies for nervous system connectivity and function. Dendrite morphogenesis consists of a series of interrelated steps, which include outgrowth and branching, guidance and targeting, ...
Taste
... • Their life span is 1-2 week (10 days) 3. Basal cells: • They are stem cells for production of new receptor cells. ...
... • Their life span is 1-2 week (10 days) 3. Basal cells: • They are stem cells for production of new receptor cells. ...
Finally, the peak firing rate within any one place field of a single cell
... simple associative pairings (e.g., classical conditioning) and motor learning remain intact (Squire, 1992). Hippocampal-dependent memory traces can be used flexibly, i.e., they can be activated in a context different from the one where they were learned. Clinical studies in humans, as well as a larg ...
... simple associative pairings (e.g., classical conditioning) and motor learning remain intact (Squire, 1992). Hippocampal-dependent memory traces can be used flexibly, i.e., they can be activated in a context different from the one where they were learned. Clinical studies in humans, as well as a larg ...
Comparative analysis of cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP synthesis
... relevant, in view of the widespread use of both types of cultures and considering the growing body of evidence that the cascade of molecular and cellular modifications occurring at birth strongly affects bioenergetics of neurons in neonatal brain (Lust et al., 2003; Illsinger and Das, 2010). To our ...
... relevant, in view of the widespread use of both types of cultures and considering the growing body of evidence that the cascade of molecular and cellular modifications occurring at birth strongly affects bioenergetics of neurons in neonatal brain (Lust et al., 2003; Illsinger and Das, 2010). To our ...
Multi-item Memory in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... As an organism interacts with its environment, it is faced with a constant barrage of stimuli that it must sense, remember, and use. In the majority of situations outside of the laboratory environment, an organism must remember not only the most recent stimulus, but must also integrate this stimulus ...
... As an organism interacts with its environment, it is faced with a constant barrage of stimuli that it must sense, remember, and use. In the majority of situations outside of the laboratory environment, an organism must remember not only the most recent stimulus, but must also integrate this stimulus ...
Some Analogies Between Visual Cortical and Genetic Maps
... and cone receptor proteins in man. It appears on the basis of sequence homologies that the genes that produce the rod and cone receptor proteins are replicas of an ancient gene for a receptor protein. 31 The genes for the red and green receptor proteins are located adjacent to each other on the X ch ...
... and cone receptor proteins in man. It appears on the basis of sequence homologies that the genes that produce the rod and cone receptor proteins are replicas of an ancient gene for a receptor protein. 31 The genes for the red and green receptor proteins are located adjacent to each other on the X ch ...
The Organization of the Frontal Motor Cortex
... examined and the functional properties of the areas connected with one another are considered, it emerges that the various frontal motor areas can be grouped into two major classes: 1) areas that transform sensory information into motor commands and 2) areas that are involved in controlling sensory- ...
... examined and the functional properties of the areas connected with one another are considered, it emerges that the various frontal motor areas can be grouped into two major classes: 1) areas that transform sensory information into motor commands and 2) areas that are involved in controlling sensory- ...
PN4235: Motoneurons: from physiology to pathology Module summary:
... recordings, extensive studies of motoneurons have uncovered many of the fundamental properties of neurons and synaptic transmission. Motoneurons have served as ideal model neurons for several reasons: they are large and readily accessible, their function is well defined in comparison to most other C ...
... recordings, extensive studies of motoneurons have uncovered many of the fundamental properties of neurons and synaptic transmission. Motoneurons have served as ideal model neurons for several reasons: they are large and readily accessible, their function is well defined in comparison to most other C ...
USING SIMPLE ANIMATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGY TEACHING
... a series of diagrams generated through simple animations and based on user-provided inputs. The theory of neural generation of respiratory rhythm discussed here is not necessarily correct or widely accepted. It continues to find a place, however, in some of the most widely read textbooks of physiolo ...
... a series of diagrams generated through simple animations and based on user-provided inputs. The theory of neural generation of respiratory rhythm discussed here is not necessarily correct or widely accepted. It continues to find a place, however, in some of the most widely read textbooks of physiolo ...
Limitations in anti-obesity drug development: the critical role of
... would occur, and cheap and abundant food supplies may contribute to a growing obesity epidemic1. The economic and social burdens that this poses are considerable, particularly as obesity is a high-risk factor for other chronic diseases, for example, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and cancer. So ...
... would occur, and cheap and abundant food supplies may contribute to a growing obesity epidemic1. The economic and social burdens that this poses are considerable, particularly as obesity is a high-risk factor for other chronic diseases, for example, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and cancer. So ...
CHAPTER 3 Neuroscience and Behavior
... reaches a critical level, the “trigger” is pulled, and an electrical impulse, known as an action potential, travels along the axon of the neuron (see Figure 2). The action potential moves from one end of the axon to the other like a flame moving along a fuse. As the impulse travels along the axon, t ...
... reaches a critical level, the “trigger” is pulled, and an electrical impulse, known as an action potential, travels along the axon of the neuron (see Figure 2). The action potential moves from one end of the axon to the other like a flame moving along a fuse. As the impulse travels along the axon, t ...
Material and methods - HAL
... ratio of brain/plasma levels of about 25 when considering either Cmax or AUC values. At low oral doses (2.5-20 mg/kg), it elicited in mice a dose-dependent wakening effect accompanied with a shift towards high frequency waves of the EEG, a sign of cortical activation. DOPAC/dopamine ratios were enha ...
... ratio of brain/plasma levels of about 25 when considering either Cmax or AUC values. At low oral doses (2.5-20 mg/kg), it elicited in mice a dose-dependent wakening effect accompanied with a shift towards high frequency waves of the EEG, a sign of cortical activation. DOPAC/dopamine ratios were enha ...
Decoding a Temporal Population Code
... The transformation stage consists of a neural network, the liquid, which performs real-time computations on time-varying continuous inputs. It is a generic circuit of recurrently connected integrate-and-fire neurons coupled with synapses that show frequency-dependent adaptation (Markram, Wang, & Tso ...
... The transformation stage consists of a neural network, the liquid, which performs real-time computations on time-varying continuous inputs. It is a generic circuit of recurrently connected integrate-and-fire neurons coupled with synapses that show frequency-dependent adaptation (Markram, Wang, & Tso ...
Brain - American Museum of Natural History
... stronger they become. And unused connections weaken and fade away. The adolescent brain is still strengthening connections between its reasoning and emotion-related regions. In addition, the reward center of the brain is more active during adolescence than in adulthood. These findings would explain w ...
... stronger they become. And unused connections weaken and fade away. The adolescent brain is still strengthening connections between its reasoning and emotion-related regions. In addition, the reward center of the brain is more active during adolescence than in adulthood. These findings would explain w ...
Text Clustering using Semantics
... consider the two sentences John eats the apple standing beside the tree and The apple tree stands beside John's house. On the other hand there may be some sentences, which have the same meaning but have been constructed from different sets of words. For example in the sentences, John is an intellige ...
... consider the two sentences John eats the apple standing beside the tree and The apple tree stands beside John's house. On the other hand there may be some sentences, which have the same meaning but have been constructed from different sets of words. For example in the sentences, John is an intellige ...
Carlsson J Neurosci 2007 (pdf 2,2 MB)
... inhibitor; Sigma) for 28 d. The L-DOPA and the benserazide was mixed and dissolved in physiological saline and administered to each rat as a subcutaneous injection. This route of administration has been adopted after the findings of Lindgren et al. (2007) suggesting that the subcutaneous injections ...
... inhibitor; Sigma) for 28 d. The L-DOPA and the benserazide was mixed and dissolved in physiological saline and administered to each rat as a subcutaneous injection. This route of administration has been adopted after the findings of Lindgren et al. (2007) suggesting that the subcutaneous injections ...
NIH Public Access
... Moss and Schnitzler, 1995; Simmons and Stein, 1980). It is likely that multiple brain circuits process and represent distance information within echoes to form the basis for these distance-based percepts and behaviors. ...
... Moss and Schnitzler, 1995; Simmons and Stein, 1980). It is likely that multiple brain circuits process and represent distance information within echoes to form the basis for these distance-based percepts and behaviors. ...
Oxygen Levels Regulate the Development of
... subjected to the hypoxic treatments. For O2 deprivation, cells in PM were shifted to differentiation medium (DM, without bFGF and EGF) and placed into a basic modular incubator chamber (Billups-Rothenberg), in which the influx of nitrogen and CO2 results in the almost complete removal of O2 from the ...
... subjected to the hypoxic treatments. For O2 deprivation, cells in PM were shifted to differentiation medium (DM, without bFGF and EGF) and placed into a basic modular incubator chamber (Billups-Rothenberg), in which the influx of nitrogen and CO2 results in the almost complete removal of O2 from the ...
Abstracts - BCCN 2009
... organize this meeting. As in previous years, there will be a single track program of talks and poster sessions. In line with the theme of our Bernstein Focus, a special emphasis is put on Computational Vision. Highlights of this program will be invited talks by József Fiser, Wulfram Gerstner, Amiram ...
... organize this meeting. As in previous years, there will be a single track program of talks and poster sessions. In line with the theme of our Bernstein Focus, a special emphasis is put on Computational Vision. Highlights of this program will be invited talks by József Fiser, Wulfram Gerstner, Amiram ...
Copyrighted Material
... distances at rapid speed and provide information about the environment to the organism in a coordinated manner that allows an organized response to be carried out at a specific site. However, the intricate organization of such a complex network places an unparalleled demand on the cells of the NS. S ...
... distances at rapid speed and provide information about the environment to the organism in a coordinated manner that allows an organized response to be carried out at a specific site. However, the intricate organization of such a complex network places an unparalleled demand on the cells of the NS. S ...
Lesson plans
... positively charged on the outside of the cell membrane. The depolarization and repolarization of a membrane produce an action potential. The nerve impulse can be defined as an action potential travelling along the membrane. There are several important facts about impulses (action potentials) that yo ...
... positively charged on the outside of the cell membrane. The depolarization and repolarization of a membrane produce an action potential. The nerve impulse can be defined as an action potential travelling along the membrane. There are several important facts about impulses (action potentials) that yo ...
Integrative actions of the reticular formation The reticular activating
... stimulation on the EEG. The fact that single shocks to the bulbar R.F. did not result in evoked potentials at higher levels along the activating system suggested to Magoun and Maruzzi that the R.A.S. must be composed of a se};:Jes of reticular neurons with synapses which are iterative in nature. The ...
... stimulation on the EEG. The fact that single shocks to the bulbar R.F. did not result in evoked potentials at higher levels along the activating system suggested to Magoun and Maruzzi that the R.A.S. must be composed of a se};:Jes of reticular neurons with synapses which are iterative in nature. The ...
PDF
... Department of Biology B-022, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 and * Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A. SUMMARY Numerous investigations of pathfinding by embryonic neurons, including many leech neurons, have demonstrated that path ...
... Department of Biology B-022, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 and * Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A. SUMMARY Numerous investigations of pathfinding by embryonic neurons, including many leech neurons, have demonstrated that path ...
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in Inflammatory and Degenerative Brain
... emerging role of COX-2 in cognitive functions will be discussed since understanding the role of COX-2 in brain function is an important prerequisite to fully understanding how to exploit the potential benefits of COX-2 inhibition in disabling neurological diseases. COX-2 in Brain Function In mammali ...
... emerging role of COX-2 in cognitive functions will be discussed since understanding the role of COX-2 in brain function is an important prerequisite to fully understanding how to exploit the potential benefits of COX-2 inhibition in disabling neurological diseases. COX-2 in Brain Function In mammali ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.