Human nasal olfactory epithelium as a dynamic marker for CNS
... Discovery of new central nervous system (CNS) acting therapeutics has been slowed down by the lack of useful applicable biomarkers of disease or drug action often due to inaccessibility of relevant human CNS tissue and cell types. In recent years, non-neuronal cells, such as astrocytes, have been re ...
... Discovery of new central nervous system (CNS) acting therapeutics has been slowed down by the lack of useful applicable biomarkers of disease or drug action often due to inaccessibility of relevant human CNS tissue and cell types. In recent years, non-neuronal cells, such as astrocytes, have been re ...
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... Our bodies and the environment constrain our movements. For example, when our arm is fully outstretched, we cannot extend it further. More generally, the distribution of possible movements ...
... Our bodies and the environment constrain our movements. For example, when our arm is fully outstretched, we cannot extend it further. More generally, the distribution of possible movements ...
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
... There is no evidence of neuronal histotoxicity resulting from TMS, but there is a theoretical risk of heat injury in poorly perfused areas such as cysts or infarcts, and patients with such lesions should be excluded, as should all patients with intracranial metal objects such as surgical clips. The ...
... There is no evidence of neuronal histotoxicity resulting from TMS, but there is a theoretical risk of heat injury in poorly perfused areas such as cysts or infarcts, and patients with such lesions should be excluded, as should all patients with intracranial metal objects such as surgical clips. The ...
Biological Foundations of Behavior
... © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved ...
... © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved ...
Uncomfortable images produce non-sparse responses in a model of
... models of populations of neurons with properties similar to those found in the visual cortex have been shown to produce sparse responses to natural image inputs [4]. Equally, learning algorithms that seek to generate sparse responses to natural image samples produce units with receptive fields that ...
... models of populations of neurons with properties similar to those found in the visual cortex have been shown to produce sparse responses to natural image inputs [4]. Equally, learning algorithms that seek to generate sparse responses to natural image samples produce units with receptive fields that ...
phys chapter 56 [10-19
... directly to agonist muscle to begin initial contraction; at same time, parallel signals sent via pontile mossy fibers into cerebellum One branch of each mossy fiber goes directly to deep nuclear cells in deep cerebellar nuclei Instantly sends excitatory signal back into cerebral corticospinal mo ...
... directly to agonist muscle to begin initial contraction; at same time, parallel signals sent via pontile mossy fibers into cerebellum One branch of each mossy fiber goes directly to deep nuclear cells in deep cerebellar nuclei Instantly sends excitatory signal back into cerebral corticospinal mo ...
Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation Polymicrogyria
... results from insults to the developing brain in the late migrational period or after neuronal migration has stopped. The incidence of polymicrogyria is unknown but most patients with polymicrogyria have seizures and are mentally disabled. Histologically, there are several schema that attempt to clas ...
... results from insults to the developing brain in the late migrational period or after neuronal migration has stopped. The incidence of polymicrogyria is unknown but most patients with polymicrogyria have seizures and are mentally disabled. Histologically, there are several schema that attempt to clas ...
the anatomy and neurosecretory system of the
... stomatogastric nervous system (1926b). The literature apparently contains no descriptions of either the external or the interna! anatomy of the supraoesophageal ganglion, or brain, of Hermodice carunculata. ...
... stomatogastric nervous system (1926b). The literature apparently contains no descriptions of either the external or the interna! anatomy of the supraoesophageal ganglion, or brain, of Hermodice carunculata. ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Cortical Auditory Adaptation
... The loudspeaker was located 53 cm above the bottom of the recording chamber. The box was built in black acrylic and had a surface of 22 by 27 cm and the walls had a height of 65 cm. The walls of the box were covered with corrugated cardboard (4 mm thickness) for sound-resonance suppression. Measurem ...
... The loudspeaker was located 53 cm above the bottom of the recording chamber. The box was built in black acrylic and had a surface of 22 by 27 cm and the walls had a height of 65 cm. The walls of the box were covered with corrugated cardboard (4 mm thickness) for sound-resonance suppression. Measurem ...
Feedforward, horizontal, and feedback processing
... surface of the figure (Figure 1a–c). After a large extrastriate lesion (Figure 1d), only the response enhancement for the boundary between figure and ground remained. It is as if V1 can establish the detection of texture boundaries on its own (see also [36]), whereas the ‘filling in’ between these b ...
... surface of the figure (Figure 1a–c). After a large extrastriate lesion (Figure 1d), only the response enhancement for the boundary between figure and ground remained. It is as if V1 can establish the detection of texture boundaries on its own (see also [36]), whereas the ‘filling in’ between these b ...
Olfactory tract transection in neonatal rats: Evidence for Mitral cell
... following an insult. The importance of host regeneration as the possible mechanism leading to the functional recovery following nerve transection has been reported2. Munirathinam et al3. have demonstrated the axonal regeneration following olfactory tract transection. However, the study did not provi ...
... following an insult. The importance of host regeneration as the possible mechanism leading to the functional recovery following nerve transection has been reported2. Munirathinam et al3. have demonstrated the axonal regeneration following olfactory tract transection. However, the study did not provi ...
Pallidal Origin of GABA Release within the Substantia Nigra Pars
... an injection into the left SNc of 12 g of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (Sigma, St. Quentin-Fallavier, France), dissolved in 4 l of sterile 0.9% NaCl and 0.2% ascorbic acid, at a flow rate of 0.5 l/min. The stereotaxic coordinates of the injection site relative to the bregma were anteroposterior (AP ...
... an injection into the left SNc of 12 g of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (Sigma, St. Quentin-Fallavier, France), dissolved in 4 l of sterile 0.9% NaCl and 0.2% ascorbic acid, at a flow rate of 0.5 l/min. The stereotaxic coordinates of the injection site relative to the bregma were anteroposterior (AP ...
Maruska & Tricas 2009b
... (80–800 Hz). These data were used to construct the isointensity response curves. Stimuli consisted of 100 repetitions of 40 ms ramped tone bursts (10 ms rise and fall; 20 ms plateau; 8.3 Hz repetition rate) at frequencies of 80–800 Hz (80, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800 Hz). The frequency respons ...
... (80–800 Hz). These data were used to construct the isointensity response curves. Stimuli consisted of 100 repetitions of 40 ms ramped tone bursts (10 ms rise and fall; 20 ms plateau; 8.3 Hz repetition rate) at frequencies of 80–800 Hz (80, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800 Hz). The frequency respons ...
Relational Networks
... For sequential, the ‘ordered AND’ Its two (or more) lines connect to different points at the bottom of the triangle (in the case of the ‘downward and’) • to represent sequential activation leading to sequential occurrence of items ...
... For sequential, the ‘ordered AND’ Its two (or more) lines connect to different points at the bottom of the triangle (in the case of the ‘downward and’) • to represent sequential activation leading to sequential occurrence of items ...
Behavioural Brain Research Multisensory contributions to the
... In our view, understanding the neuronal and cortical mechanisms underlying multisensory perception does not only require empirical observations of behavioural or neural responses, but also theoretical and computational analyses of the processes putatively involved. Computational models explicitly li ...
... In our view, understanding the neuronal and cortical mechanisms underlying multisensory perception does not only require empirical observations of behavioural or neural responses, but also theoretical and computational analyses of the processes putatively involved. Computational models explicitly li ...
The Isotropic Fractionator: A Fast, Reliable Method to Determine
... and in studies of phylogenesis, development, adult neurogenesis, and pathology. Traditionally, stereological methods such as the optical disector and fractionator have been the gold standard for estimating numbers of cells in discrete brain regions and determining how they compare across structures, ...
... and in studies of phylogenesis, development, adult neurogenesis, and pathology. Traditionally, stereological methods such as the optical disector and fractionator have been the gold standard for estimating numbers of cells in discrete brain regions and determining how they compare across structures, ...
Neuroethology of reward and decision making
... and motor preparation. In that study, monkeys were cued to shift gaze from a central light to one of two peripheral lights to receive a fruit juice reward. In separate blocks of trials, the authors varied the expected value of orienting to each light by varying either the size of reward or the proba ...
... and motor preparation. In that study, monkeys were cued to shift gaze from a central light to one of two peripheral lights to receive a fruit juice reward. In separate blocks of trials, the authors varied the expected value of orienting to each light by varying either the size of reward or the proba ...
Rewardguided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus
... juice is associated. Which of these determinants of the monkeys’ licking is controlling the behavior in any particular situation is not known a priori, and cannot be determined by superficial observation; it can only be determined using tests designed specifically for this purpose. These tests, which ...
... juice is associated. Which of these determinants of the monkeys’ licking is controlling the behavior in any particular situation is not known a priori, and cannot be determined by superficial observation; it can only be determined using tests designed specifically for this purpose. These tests, which ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... associated with fruit juice reward. Other non-reward neurons responded in a reversal task, immediately after the monkey had responded to the previously rewarded visual stimulus, but had obtained the punisher of salt taste rather than reward, indicating that the choice of stimulus should change in th ...
... associated with fruit juice reward. Other non-reward neurons responded in a reversal task, immediately after the monkey had responded to the previously rewarded visual stimulus, but had obtained the punisher of salt taste rather than reward, indicating that the choice of stimulus should change in th ...
Emerging role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of
... Cholecystokinin, peptide YY and GLP-1 released from the gut induce satiety by acting on the vagus nerve or in the brain.75 For example, GLP-1 is secreted from intestinal L-cells after a meal. GLP-1 receptors are prevalent in vagus nerve terminals,76 as well as in the central nucleus of the amygdala, ...
... Cholecystokinin, peptide YY and GLP-1 released from the gut induce satiety by acting on the vagus nerve or in the brain.75 For example, GLP-1 is secreted from intestinal L-cells after a meal. GLP-1 receptors are prevalent in vagus nerve terminals,76 as well as in the central nucleus of the amygdala, ...
Circadian Plasticity of Mammalian Inhibitory Interneurons
... (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin (SOM), and many more [10, 11]. In vertebrates, the majority of interneurons are inhibitory and they mainly release GABA. However, GABA can also act as an excitatory neurotransmitter. During brain development, GABA is the main excitatory neurotransmitter act ...
... (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin (SOM), and many more [10, 11]. In vertebrates, the majority of interneurons are inhibitory and they mainly release GABA. However, GABA can also act as an excitatory neurotransmitter. During brain development, GABA is the main excitatory neurotransmitter act ...
5-28-2007
... clinical literature. This latter term, however, lost its significance in the light of recent tracer and histochemical studies indicating that the main part of the basal forebrain that was previously called the substantia innominata belongs to nearby and better defined anatomical systems. The rostra ...
... clinical literature. This latter term, however, lost its significance in the light of recent tracer and histochemical studies indicating that the main part of the basal forebrain that was previously called the substantia innominata belongs to nearby and better defined anatomical systems. The rostra ...
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... molecular regulators may link events in mitosis with those in cytokinesis. Recent genetic evidence indicates that cytokinesis in CNS neuronal progenitors, but not in most other cell types of the body, requires the function of citron kinase. In neocortex, citron kinase is most critical for neurogenic ...
... molecular regulators may link events in mitosis with those in cytokinesis. Recent genetic evidence indicates that cytokinesis in CNS neuronal progenitors, but not in most other cell types of the body, requires the function of citron kinase. In neocortex, citron kinase is most critical for neurogenic ...
Document
... manner the network is trained one layer at a time starting with layer 1 and finishing with layer 4. In the investigations described here, the numbers of training epochs for layers 1–4 were 50, 100, 100 and 75, respectively. The network’s performance is assessed using two information theoretic measur ...
... manner the network is trained one layer at a time starting with layer 1 and finishing with layer 4. In the investigations described here, the numbers of training epochs for layers 1–4 were 50, 100, 100 and 75, respectively. The network’s performance is assessed using two information theoretic measur ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.