The Spinal Interneurons and Properties of
... transferred to 10 M ␣-bungarotoxin saline. After immobilization, the tadpole was repinned so that skin and muscles over the right side of the spinal cord could be removed. A dorsal cut was then made along the midline of the spinal cord to open the neurocoel and expose neuronal cell bodies. Addition ...
... transferred to 10 M ␣-bungarotoxin saline. After immobilization, the tadpole was repinned so that skin and muscles over the right side of the spinal cord could be removed. A dorsal cut was then made along the midline of the spinal cord to open the neurocoel and expose neuronal cell bodies. Addition ...
Synchronous Oscillatory Neural Ensembles for Rules in the
... Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, Center for Excellence for Learning in Education, Science, and Technology, Boston University, Boston MA 02215 # Co-first authors * Correspondence: ekmiller@mit.edu ...
... Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, Center for Excellence for Learning in Education, Science, and Technology, Boston University, Boston MA 02215 # Co-first authors * Correspondence: ekmiller@mit.edu ...
What Causes Eye Pain? | SpringerLink
... following injury or infection, diffuse to polymodal nociceptor nerve terminals where they interact with specific membrane receptor proteins (ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors, cytokine receptors) [34]. The inflammatory agents open membrane ion channels, either acting directly on ...
... following injury or infection, diffuse to polymodal nociceptor nerve terminals where they interact with specific membrane receptor proteins (ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors, cytokine receptors) [34]. The inflammatory agents open membrane ion channels, either acting directly on ...
Summary - Academia Sinica
... the experiments. And I want to extend my gratitude to senior colleagues Wei-Pang, Jiun-Hsian, Yung-Hui and ...
... the experiments. And I want to extend my gratitude to senior colleagues Wei-Pang, Jiun-Hsian, Yung-Hui and ...
Report 2
... demonstrated, the low temporal resolution of haemodynamic imaging makes it impossible to decide between two interpretations of this finding: One possibility is that the activation of specific action-related networks directly reflects action word recognition and comprehension, as the somatotopy-of-ac ...
... demonstrated, the low temporal resolution of haemodynamic imaging makes it impossible to decide between two interpretations of this finding: One possibility is that the activation of specific action-related networks directly reflects action word recognition and comprehension, as the somatotopy-of-ac ...
Neural crest cells and axonal specificity
... Bronner-Fraser 1986; Loring and Erickson 1987; Teillet et al. 1987). By transplanting quail neural tubes into chick embryos, Teillet and co-workers were able to mark neural crest cells both genetically and immunologically. The antibody marker recognized and labeled neural crest cells of both species ...
... Bronner-Fraser 1986; Loring and Erickson 1987; Teillet et al. 1987). By transplanting quail neural tubes into chick embryos, Teillet and co-workers were able to mark neural crest cells both genetically and immunologically. The antibody marker recognized and labeled neural crest cells of both species ...
BOLD fMRI study of ultrahigh frequency encoding in the
... studies that probed neuronal responses to behaviorally relevant sound in the auditory system. In the mustached bat, neurons in the auditory cortex as well as the IC were found to display excitatory or inhibitory responses when two tones with different frequencies were presented simultaneously (two-t ...
... studies that probed neuronal responses to behaviorally relevant sound in the auditory system. In the mustached bat, neurons in the auditory cortex as well as the IC were found to display excitatory or inhibitory responses when two tones with different frequencies were presented simultaneously (two-t ...
Critical role of extracellularly secreted neuronal pentraxin 1 in
... Statistics were performed using GraphPad Prism software, Version 5.01. For one experimental and one control group, two-tailed Student? s t-test was used to determine if differences exist between means. Comparisons involving multiple groups were done by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni/ Dunn post-hoc te ...
... Statistics were performed using GraphPad Prism software, Version 5.01. For one experimental and one control group, two-tailed Student? s t-test was used to determine if differences exist between means. Comparisons involving multiple groups were done by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni/ Dunn post-hoc te ...
Reciprocal Connectivity of Identified Color
... successfully maintained fixation within a 3 3 3 window throughout the trial, a drop of juice was given as a reward. If their gaze deviated from the window during a trial, the trial was aborted. The behavioral ...
... successfully maintained fixation within a 3 3 3 window throughout the trial, a drop of juice was given as a reward. If their gaze deviated from the window during a trial, the trial was aborted. The behavioral ...
in systems and translational endocrinology
... cycle resumes. This molecular cycle occurs over a period of approximately 24 hours and, in the absence of any external input, the neuronal network within the SCN maintains a stable period almost indefinitely. All tissues contain this basic molecular clock, but, in general the SCN act as the master p ...
... cycle resumes. This molecular cycle occurs over a period of approximately 24 hours and, in the absence of any external input, the neuronal network within the SCN maintains a stable period almost indefinitely. All tissues contain this basic molecular clock, but, in general the SCN act as the master p ...
Article (Author postprint)
... mid-body region with neurites oriented along the anterior posterior axis. Few hours later, tyrosin-tubulin nerve cells are detected in the anterior region, with lateral neurites forming rings. Progressively novel tyrosin-tubulin neurons with lateral neurites differentiate towards the posterior pole ...
... mid-body region with neurites oriented along the anterior posterior axis. Few hours later, tyrosin-tubulin nerve cells are detected in the anterior region, with lateral neurites forming rings. Progressively novel tyrosin-tubulin neurons with lateral neurites differentiate towards the posterior pole ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... n ⫽ 29). The distance between the left and right top of the brain stem at the level of the VIIIth nerve was 2.57 ⫾ 0.05 mm (n ⫽ 29), and the distance between the top of the brain stem and the midline (floor of the IVth ventricle at the level of the VIIIth nerve) was 0.74 ⫾ 0.03 mm (n ⫽ 29). These va ...
... n ⫽ 29). The distance between the left and right top of the brain stem at the level of the VIIIth nerve was 2.57 ⫾ 0.05 mm (n ⫽ 29), and the distance between the top of the brain stem and the midline (floor of the IVth ventricle at the level of the VIIIth nerve) was 0.74 ⫾ 0.03 mm (n ⫽ 29). These va ...
PDF
... and reliable pattern of labeling was observed in the VCN. This pattern and the VCN cell types filled by such an injection have been described in detail previously (Doucet and Ryugo, 1997; Doucet et al., 1999b) and so will only be summarized. Microneurons and axons were labeled and distributed within ...
... and reliable pattern of labeling was observed in the VCN. This pattern and the VCN cell types filled by such an injection have been described in detail previously (Doucet and Ryugo, 1997; Doucet et al., 1999b) and so will only be summarized. Microneurons and axons were labeled and distributed within ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 16.1 Scanning electron micrograph of a
... contribute the P or MP1 pathways results in the inability of the G or pCC neurons, respectively, to extend anteriorly; these neurons do not fasciculate with numerous other axon pathways present very close by at this stage of development (not shown), and they instead stall at the point where they wou ...
... contribute the P or MP1 pathways results in the inability of the G or pCC neurons, respectively, to extend anteriorly; these neurons do not fasciculate with numerous other axon pathways present very close by at this stage of development (not shown), and they instead stall at the point where they wou ...
A Comparison of Neural Spike Classification Techniques.
... classifying phasic Glucose spikes the TM and PC methods both classified 92% correctly and the ANN correctly classified 86%. All of the classifiers performed very well when presented the phasic KCl spikes. All three methods produced perfect results for tonic Inositol spikes. The ANN classified 99% of ...
... classifying phasic Glucose spikes the TM and PC methods both classified 92% correctly and the ANN correctly classified 86%. All of the classifiers performed very well when presented the phasic KCl spikes. All three methods produced perfect results for tonic Inositol spikes. The ANN classified 99% of ...
Proceedings of 2014 BMI the Third International Conference on
... how the brain works”. The knowledge of computer science is also necessary to understand how the brain works. Supported by a series of experimental studies known as Where What N ...
... how the brain works”. The knowledge of computer science is also necessary to understand how the brain works. Supported by a series of experimental studies known as Where What N ...
A direct quantitative relationship between the functional properties of
... human motion perception. Although this relationship is often assumed to be straightforward, computational simulation of neuronal populations in area V5 shows a complex relationship between activity in single cells and neuronal populations. In particular, simulated population responses to a stimulus ...
... human motion perception. Although this relationship is often assumed to be straightforward, computational simulation of neuronal populations in area V5 shows a complex relationship between activity in single cells and neuronal populations. In particular, simulated population responses to a stimulus ...
Cognitive spatial-motor processes
... that event was then carried out. A significant change in cell activity was deemed to have occurred when three consecutive bins showed change in the same direction (i.e. increase of decrease in activity) and the discharge rate of at least two of the three bins was more than 3 standard deviations away ...
... that event was then carried out. A significant change in cell activity was deemed to have occurred when three consecutive bins showed change in the same direction (i.e. increase of decrease in activity) and the discharge rate of at least two of the three bins was more than 3 standard deviations away ...
Neuronal cytoskeleton in synaptic plasticity and regeneration
... injured retinal ganglion cells (Sengottuvel et al. 2011). In both cases, it is likely that taxol affects many aspects of the CNS response to injury including, but not limited to, suppressing formation of the glial scar, enhancing axon extension, and reducing inflammation. The necessity for neuronal m ...
... injured retinal ganglion cells (Sengottuvel et al. 2011). In both cases, it is likely that taxol affects many aspects of the CNS response to injury including, but not limited to, suppressing formation of the glial scar, enhancing axon extension, and reducing inflammation. The necessity for neuronal m ...
1 1 2 3 Efficient Generation of Reciprocal Signals by Inhibition 4 5 6
... additional parameters such as spike shape and peak and valley amplitudes and half ...
... additional parameters such as spike shape and peak and valley amplitudes and half ...
Temporal and spatial neural dynamics in the perception of basic
... sadness and happiness may involve a slower unfolding over time than that of fear or disgust (Fredrickson, 1998; Baumeister et al., 2001). Aside from its theoretical relevance, including the time element in our current understanding of emotions can also yield new discoveries about how emotions are re ...
... sadness and happiness may involve a slower unfolding over time than that of fear or disgust (Fredrickson, 1998; Baumeister et al., 2001). Aside from its theoretical relevance, including the time element in our current understanding of emotions can also yield new discoveries about how emotions are re ...
Patterns of GABAergic Immunoreactivity Define Subdivisions of the
... The anatomy and the spatial distribution of neurons and axonal endings (puncta) immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were studied in the medial geniculate body of the mustached bat (Pteronotus pamellii). The principal findings are that: 1)most GABAer ...
... The anatomy and the spatial distribution of neurons and axonal endings (puncta) immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were studied in the medial geniculate body of the mustached bat (Pteronotus pamellii). The principal findings are that: 1)most GABAer ...
Diversity of laminar connections linking periarcuate and
... CB or PV We employed immunocytochemical procedures using fluorescent probes to visualize the distribution of CB or PV in lateral intraparietal areas along with fluorescent tracers (FE). Matched series of sections were incubated in primary antibody for either CB or PV (as described above). The tissue w ...
... CB or PV We employed immunocytochemical procedures using fluorescent probes to visualize the distribution of CB or PV in lateral intraparietal areas along with fluorescent tracers (FE). Matched series of sections were incubated in primary antibody for either CB or PV (as described above). The tissue w ...
paper - Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit
... the variables z1 , . . . ,zl representing a motor plan or motor commands to muscles. Recent publications show that human reasoning and learning can also be cast into the form of probabilistic inference problems [27–29]. In these models learning of concepts, ranging from concrete to more abstract one ...
... the variables z1 , . . . ,zl representing a motor plan or motor commands to muscles. Recent publications show that human reasoning and learning can also be cast into the form of probabilistic inference problems [27–29]. In these models learning of concepts, ranging from concrete to more abstract one ...
Document
... continued plasticity of multiple brain systems long beyond the early organization that occurs during embryonic and perinatal period and adulthood. This is particularly true for BDNF, a key molecule critical in the control of neurogenesis, since it impacts cell proliferation within the neurogenic zon ...
... continued plasticity of multiple brain systems long beyond the early organization that occurs during embryonic and perinatal period and adulthood. This is particularly true for BDNF, a key molecule critical in the control of neurogenesis, since it impacts cell proliferation within the neurogenic zon ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.