Simulating in vivo-like Synaptic Input Patterns in Multicompartmental
... are an extreme example of synaptic convergence, individual neurons that receive thousands of synaptic inputs are not unusual in the mammalian CNS. As pointed out by Pare and colleagues (1998), the average cortical pyramidal neuron receives about 10,000 synaptic inputs, and most of them are from othe ...
... are an extreme example of synaptic convergence, individual neurons that receive thousands of synaptic inputs are not unusual in the mammalian CNS. As pointed out by Pare and colleagues (1998), the average cortical pyramidal neuron receives about 10,000 synaptic inputs, and most of them are from othe ...
The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice
... of motivated behavior involves defining the neural substrates that 1) attach sufficient importance (salience) to an integrated stimulus that behavior is “activated” and 2) “direct” this state of activation toward a specific behavioral response. While we have made substantial progress toward identify ...
... of motivated behavior involves defining the neural substrates that 1) attach sufficient importance (salience) to an integrated stimulus that behavior is “activated” and 2) “direct” this state of activation toward a specific behavioral response. While we have made substantial progress toward identify ...
Unit 12 ~ Learning Guide Name
... ____________________________ wrap around the nerve fibers when they are myelinated. This results in the impulse skipping from node to node. In myelinated axons and dendrites, the impulse can travel up to 200m/s. In unmyelinated fibers, the impulse can be as slow as 0.5 m/s. This difference in speed ...
... ____________________________ wrap around the nerve fibers when they are myelinated. This results in the impulse skipping from node to node. In myelinated axons and dendrites, the impulse can travel up to 200m/s. In unmyelinated fibers, the impulse can be as slow as 0.5 m/s. This difference in speed ...
pdf
... characterized by beta activity in the ACC and PCC in comparison to non-addicted brains, and these areas are phase synchronized (lagged), meaning co-activated. Normally these areas demonstrate concerted activity as well [14], but in this patient the functional connectivity between these two parts of ...
... characterized by beta activity in the ACC and PCC in comparison to non-addicted brains, and these areas are phase synchronized (lagged), meaning co-activated. Normally these areas demonstrate concerted activity as well [14], but in this patient the functional connectivity between these two parts of ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... of motivated behavior involves defining the neural substrates that 1) attach sufficient importance (salience) to an integrated stimulus that behavior is “activated” and 2) “direct” this state of activation toward a specific behavioral response. While we have made substantial progress toward identify ...
... of motivated behavior involves defining the neural substrates that 1) attach sufficient importance (salience) to an integrated stimulus that behavior is “activated” and 2) “direct” this state of activation toward a specific behavioral response. While we have made substantial progress toward identify ...
Interspike Intervals, Receptive Fields, and Information Encoding in
... the amount of available data, which limits the accuracy with which the word probabilities can be estimated. We use 14.8 msec words [the stimulus frame time, but also similar to the time constant of cortical neurons (Ogawa et al., 1981; Shadlen and Newsome, 1998)] and 3.7 msec letters (the frame time ...
... the amount of available data, which limits the accuracy with which the word probabilities can be estimated. We use 14.8 msec words [the stimulus frame time, but also similar to the time constant of cortical neurons (Ogawa et al., 1981; Shadlen and Newsome, 1998)] and 3.7 msec letters (the frame time ...
The largest growth cones in the animal kingdom
... more recently, work at the molecular level has begun to identify dynamic changes in gene expression that both lead to and follow from these synaptic changes (Sun and others 2001; Kim and others 2006). The majority of the findings from the work on the reconstructed identified sensory-motor synapse of ...
... more recently, work at the molecular level has begun to identify dynamic changes in gene expression that both lead to and follow from these synaptic changes (Sun and others 2001; Kim and others 2006). The majority of the findings from the work on the reconstructed identified sensory-motor synapse of ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... identified at 10× magnification. Each labeled cell was marked by a dot on the drawing. Labeled cells were identified on the basis that they contained a nucleus. In many cases a nucleolus was seen, but no attempt was make to ensure that each counted cell contained a nucleolus. For this reason, the co ...
... identified at 10× magnification. Each labeled cell was marked by a dot on the drawing. Labeled cells were identified on the basis that they contained a nucleus. In many cases a nucleolus was seen, but no attempt was make to ensure that each counted cell contained a nucleolus. For this reason, the co ...
Ca Channels As Integrators of G Protein
... be caused by a decrease in calcium conductance led to numerous studies of the mechanisms of modulation of voltagedependent calcium channels. Calcium channels are well known targets for inhibition by receptor-G protein pathways, and multiple forms of inhibition have been described. Inhibition of Ca2⫹ ...
... be caused by a decrease in calcium conductance led to numerous studies of the mechanisms of modulation of voltagedependent calcium channels. Calcium channels are well known targets for inhibition by receptor-G protein pathways, and multiple forms of inhibition have been described. Inhibition of Ca2⫹ ...
EMBRYOLOGY
... 2. Define the terms congenital malformations, teratogen, teratology, and dysmorphology. 3. Estimate the percentage of liveborn infants that will have congenital malformations and provide reasons why this estimate will vary from one study and one region of the world to another. 4. Describe the factor ...
... 2. Define the terms congenital malformations, teratogen, teratology, and dysmorphology. 3. Estimate the percentage of liveborn infants that will have congenital malformations and provide reasons why this estimate will vary from one study and one region of the world to another. 4. Describe the factor ...
concurrent, distributed control of saccade initiation in the frontal eye
... Long-lead burst neurons (LLBNs), also located in the brainstem reticular formation, discharge a high frequency burst of action potentials for saccades into the contralateral hemifield. In addition to the burst, these cells also have a low frequency buildup of activity before the burst. It is believe ...
... Long-lead burst neurons (LLBNs), also located in the brainstem reticular formation, discharge a high frequency burst of action potentials for saccades into the contralateral hemifield. In addition to the burst, these cells also have a low frequency buildup of activity before the burst. It is believe ...
Tricas 2008
... often been characterized as a core conductor in which the electric potential at the pore is represented within the associated ampulla. Brown’s work indicates that the shark hydrogel has a lower admittance than seawater (or synthetic hydrogels) and promotes a charge induced voltage gradient along the ...
... often been characterized as a core conductor in which the electric potential at the pore is represented within the associated ampulla. Brown’s work indicates that the shark hydrogel has a lower admittance than seawater (or synthetic hydrogels) and promotes a charge induced voltage gradient along the ...
Fixing Functionalism
... This paper will argue that the traditional construal of functionalism is too complex to be a workable scientific theory of consciousness, and introduce an alternative, simpler theory in its place. The argument begins by introducing the notion of a constructor, which is intended to describe just how ...
... This paper will argue that the traditional construal of functionalism is too complex to be a workable scientific theory of consciousness, and introduce an alternative, simpler theory in its place. The argument begins by introducing the notion of a constructor, which is intended to describe just how ...
The dynamic spatio-temporal behavior of visual responses in
... intrinsic temporal structure of the firing pattern, together with the mean firing rate, is required to describe the behavior of such cells more accurately [11]. Thus, receptive fields have not only a spatial but also a temporal substructure. In addition, processes were observed, some of which will b ...
... intrinsic temporal structure of the firing pattern, together with the mean firing rate, is required to describe the behavior of such cells more accurately [11]. Thus, receptive fields have not only a spatial but also a temporal substructure. In addition, processes were observed, some of which will b ...
computational and in vitro studies of persistent activity
... can remain stably in a collection of possible states (for instance firing at 5 Hz, or firing at 25 Hz). These stable states are called fixed-point attractors because small perturbations to the system, while it is in these states, are followed by restorative forces that bring the system back to them. ...
... can remain stably in a collection of possible states (for instance firing at 5 Hz, or firing at 25 Hz). These stable states are called fixed-point attractors because small perturbations to the system, while it is in these states, are followed by restorative forces that bring the system back to them. ...
chapter one
... to resemble the neuron with multiple inputs and a single output. However, this similarity does not really begin to model the complex electrochemical processes that actually go on inside a neuron. The perceptron is a very simple mathematical representation of the neuron. ...
... to resemble the neuron with multiple inputs and a single output. However, this similarity does not really begin to model the complex electrochemical processes that actually go on inside a neuron. The perceptron is a very simple mathematical representation of the neuron. ...
Dopamine: a potential substrate for synaptic plasticity and memory
... have been described in various parts of the brain and particularly in brain regions that receive DA innervations. It is now well established that the strength of synaptic transmission can be modified on a long-term basis by specific patterns of activation such as high frequency trains that produce L ...
... have been described in various parts of the brain and particularly in brain regions that receive DA innervations. It is now well established that the strength of synaptic transmission can be modified on a long-term basis by specific patterns of activation such as high frequency trains that produce L ...
2. Parkinsons diseas and Movement Disorders. 1998
... Cortical Structures Different areas of the cerebral cortex (neocortex) may be distinguished from one another by their histological features and neuroanatomical connections. Brodmann’s numbering scheme for cortical areas has been used for many years and will be introduced in this section. Projection ...
... Cortical Structures Different areas of the cerebral cortex (neocortex) may be distinguished from one another by their histological features and neuroanatomical connections. Brodmann’s numbering scheme for cortical areas has been used for many years and will be introduced in this section. Projection ...
Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... sense, easier to define than glia. Although these cells come in myriad shapes and sizes, they share a number of basic properties. Neurons conduct fast currents and connect to other neurons, or to terminal cells (such as muscles or gland cells), by synapses or gap junctions. They also extend processe ...
... sense, easier to define than glia. Although these cells come in myriad shapes and sizes, they share a number of basic properties. Neurons conduct fast currents and connect to other neurons, or to terminal cells (such as muscles or gland cells), by synapses or gap junctions. They also extend processe ...
07. Pons Internal Features 0102010-10-01 05:141.9
... Longitudinal fiber bundles Transverse fiber bundles Pontine nuclei, collection of neurons that lie among the bundles. ...
... Longitudinal fiber bundles Transverse fiber bundles Pontine nuclei, collection of neurons that lie among the bundles. ...
Scene perception: inferior temporal cortex neurons encode the
... neurons to the different stimuli as shown by the anovas.] In this way the parafoveal objects’ edges were close to the edge of an object simultaneously presented at the fovea. This condition is termed the ‘close’ condition, because the objects were closely spaced. The stimuli were chosen in prior scr ...
... neurons to the different stimuli as shown by the anovas.] In this way the parafoveal objects’ edges were close to the edge of an object simultaneously presented at the fovea. This condition is termed the ‘close’ condition, because the objects were closely spaced. The stimuli were chosen in prior scr ...
letter - Hanks Lab
... far. Contrary to current views3,5,7–9, this suggests that premotor activity in the frontal cortex does not have a role in the accumulation process, but instead has a more categorical function, such as transforming accumulated evidence into a discrete choice. To probe causally the role of FOF activit ...
... far. Contrary to current views3,5,7–9, this suggests that premotor activity in the frontal cortex does not have a role in the accumulation process, but instead has a more categorical function, such as transforming accumulated evidence into a discrete choice. To probe causally the role of FOF activit ...
Summary - Academia Sinica
... the experiments. And I want to extend my gratitude to senior colleagues Wei-Pang, Jiun-Hsian, Yung-Hui and ...
... the experiments. And I want to extend my gratitude to senior colleagues Wei-Pang, Jiun-Hsian, Yung-Hui and ...
Synchronous Oscillatory Neural Ensembles for Rules in the
... Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, Center for Excellence for Learning in Education, Science, and Technology, Boston University, Boston MA 02215 # Co-first authors * Correspondence: ekmiller@mit.edu ...
... Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, Center for Excellence for Learning in Education, Science, and Technology, Boston University, Boston MA 02215 # Co-first authors * Correspondence: ekmiller@mit.edu ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.