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... continued plasticity of multiple brain systems long beyond the early organization that occurs during embryonic and perinatal period and adulthood. This is particularly true for BDNF, a key molecule critical in the control of neurogenesis, since it impacts cell proliferation within the neurogenic zon ...
... continued plasticity of multiple brain systems long beyond the early organization that occurs during embryonic and perinatal period and adulthood. This is particularly true for BDNF, a key molecule critical in the control of neurogenesis, since it impacts cell proliferation within the neurogenic zon ...
Cell Adhesion Molecules in Neural Stem Cell and
... Cadherins, a family of calcium-dependent CAMs, are the major architectural molecules mediating cell-cell adhesion of extracellular domains at intercellular junctions. The cadherin superfamily consists of four subgroups, including classic cadherins, protocadherins, desmo‐ somal and unconventional cad ...
... Cadherins, a family of calcium-dependent CAMs, are the major architectural molecules mediating cell-cell adhesion of extracellular domains at intercellular junctions. The cadherin superfamily consists of four subgroups, including classic cadherins, protocadherins, desmo‐ somal and unconventional cad ...
Diversity of laminar connections linking periarcuate and
... CB or PV We employed immunocytochemical procedures using fluorescent probes to visualize the distribution of CB or PV in lateral intraparietal areas along with fluorescent tracers (FE). Matched series of sections were incubated in primary antibody for either CB or PV (as described above). The tissue w ...
... CB or PV We employed immunocytochemical procedures using fluorescent probes to visualize the distribution of CB or PV in lateral intraparietal areas along with fluorescent tracers (FE). Matched series of sections were incubated in primary antibody for either CB or PV (as described above). The tissue w ...
Calcium-Independent Afterdepolarization Regulated by Serotonin in
... the ADP (Luthi and McCormick 1998), we found that a strong ADP survived even after buffering intracellular calcium and blocking calcium channels. Further, we found that serotonin could increase this calcium independent form of the IADP. How can a hyperpolarization induce this ADP? Luthi and McCormic ...
... the ADP (Luthi and McCormick 1998), we found that a strong ADP survived even after buffering intracellular calcium and blocking calcium channels. Further, we found that serotonin could increase this calcium independent form of the IADP. How can a hyperpolarization induce this ADP? Luthi and McCormic ...
Mapping Horizontal Spread of Activity in Monkey Motor
... Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ...
... Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China ...
Skeletal System
... Because the cord does not reach the end of the vertebral column, the lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots angle sharply downward and travel inferiorly before reaching their intervertebral foramina This collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal is called the cauda equina Th ...
... Because the cord does not reach the end of the vertebral column, the lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots angle sharply downward and travel inferiorly before reaching their intervertebral foramina This collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal is called the cauda equina Th ...
Topography of Visual Cortex Connections with Frontal Eye Field in
... are involved in orienting responses to peripheral visual as well as to acoustic stimuli and therefore are more closely related to spatial vision. This study examined the pattern of connections of frontal eye field (FEF) and surrounding prefrontal cortex with extrastriate visual areas and other postc ...
... are involved in orienting responses to peripheral visual as well as to acoustic stimuli and therefore are more closely related to spatial vision. This study examined the pattern of connections of frontal eye field (FEF) and surrounding prefrontal cortex with extrastriate visual areas and other postc ...
Imaging the premotor areas Nathalie Picard* and Peter L Strick
... influence motor output, both through connections with the primary motor cortex (M1) and through direct projections to the spinal cord (e.g. [1]). In monkeys, the frontal lobe contains six well-defined premotor areas (Figure 1a). The presence of analogous areas in humans has been inferred from functi ...
... influence motor output, both through connections with the primary motor cortex (M1) and through direct projections to the spinal cord (e.g. [1]). In monkeys, the frontal lobe contains six well-defined premotor areas (Figure 1a). The presence of analogous areas in humans has been inferred from functi ...
Neural tube defects and abnormal brain development in F52
... F52 is a myristoylated, alanine-rich substrate for protein kinase C. We have generated F52-deficient mice by the gene targeting technique. These mutant mice manifest severe neural tube defects that are not associated with other complex malformations, a phenotype reminiscent of common human neural tu ...
... F52 is a myristoylated, alanine-rich substrate for protein kinase C. We have generated F52-deficient mice by the gene targeting technique. These mutant mice manifest severe neural tube defects that are not associated with other complex malformations, a phenotype reminiscent of common human neural tu ...
Neural Crest_Origin, Migration and Differentiation
... level transplanted to another axial level will differentiate according to their new position rather than to their origin. Similarly, when neural crest-derived structures, such as ganglia, are back-transplanted into the early migratory pathways, the component cells remigrate to many other locations a ...
... level transplanted to another axial level will differentiate according to their new position rather than to their origin. Similarly, when neural crest-derived structures, such as ganglia, are back-transplanted into the early migratory pathways, the component cells remigrate to many other locations a ...
Can regenerating axons recapitulate developmental
... the neural pathway1,2. Basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGFs) and WNT proteins stimulate differentiation into anterior neural structures, whereas retinoids stimulate posterior neural fates 3–6. In the developing spinal cord, the floor plate and nearby notochord secrete sonic hedgehog (SHH), which s ...
... the neural pathway1,2. Basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGFs) and WNT proteins stimulate differentiation into anterior neural structures, whereas retinoids stimulate posterior neural fates 3–6. In the developing spinal cord, the floor plate and nearby notochord secrete sonic hedgehog (SHH), which s ...
1 also mediates MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation. In our
... Here, we succeeded to isolate 100% pure and standardized human motor neurons by a novel FACS double selection protocol based on the p75NTR surface epitope and an HB9::RFP lentivirus reporter. We demonstrate that the p75NTR/HB9::RFP motor neurons survive and grow well without forming clusters or ent ...
... Here, we succeeded to isolate 100% pure and standardized human motor neurons by a novel FACS double selection protocol based on the p75NTR surface epitope and an HB9::RFP lentivirus reporter. We demonstrate that the p75NTR/HB9::RFP motor neurons survive and grow well without forming clusters or ent ...
Characterization of MeCP2e1 Transgenic Mice
... repressor of methylated promoter regions (5, 6). However, continuing studies seem to suggest that the role of MeCP2 extends far beyond transcriptional repression (7, 8). After large-scale mapping of neuronal MeCP2 binding sites, it was found that more than half of promoters bound by MeCP2 are active ...
... repressor of methylated promoter regions (5, 6). However, continuing studies seem to suggest that the role of MeCP2 extends far beyond transcriptional repression (7, 8). After large-scale mapping of neuronal MeCP2 binding sites, it was found that more than half of promoters bound by MeCP2 are active ...
Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Controls the Anterior–Posterior
... axis. Despite their important physiological functions and implication in disease, the molecular mechanisms that dictate the formation of these projections along the anterior–posterior axis remain unknown. Here we reveal a novel requirement for Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling in the anterior–poste ...
... axis. Despite their important physiological functions and implication in disease, the molecular mechanisms that dictate the formation of these projections along the anterior–posterior axis remain unknown. Here we reveal a novel requirement for Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling in the anterior–poste ...
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... increases synchronization, and decreasing receptive Weld size by pairing diVerent tone frequencies with NB stimulation decreases synchronization. These observations seem to support the conclusion that neural synchronization is simply an artifact caused by common inputs. However, pairing tone trains ...
... increases synchronization, and decreasing receptive Weld size by pairing diVerent tone frequencies with NB stimulation decreases synchronization. These observations seem to support the conclusion that neural synchronization is simply an artifact caused by common inputs. However, pairing tone trains ...
Brain Gate
... accuracy and precision that is comparable to, or even faster than, what is possible with the hands of a non-disabled person. The BrainGate System may offer substantial improvement over existing assistive technologies.Currently available assistive devices have significant limitations for both the per ...
... accuracy and precision that is comparable to, or even faster than, what is possible with the hands of a non-disabled person. The BrainGate System may offer substantial improvement over existing assistive technologies.Currently available assistive devices have significant limitations for both the per ...
How Reliably Does a Neuron in the Visual Motion Pathway of fhe Fly
... assess the functional significance of neuronal noise, the noise has to be related to the stimulus-induced responses as are elicited by behaviourally relevant stimuli, i.e. stimuli that are similar to those experienced by a n animal in a normal behavioural situation. The relationship between stochast ...
... assess the functional significance of neuronal noise, the noise has to be related to the stimulus-induced responses as are elicited by behaviourally relevant stimuli, i.e. stimuli that are similar to those experienced by a n animal in a normal behavioural situation. The relationship between stochast ...
The hippocampus of the eastern rock sengi:
... The brains of sengis (elephant shrews, order Macroscelidae) have long been known to contain a hippocampus that in terms of allometric progression indices is larger than that of most primates and equal in size to that of humans. In this report, we provide descriptions of hippocampal cytoarchitecture ...
... The brains of sengis (elephant shrews, order Macroscelidae) have long been known to contain a hippocampus that in terms of allometric progression indices is larger than that of most primates and equal in size to that of humans. In this report, we provide descriptions of hippocampal cytoarchitecture ...
full text - TReAD Lab
... received less scholarly attention than its neighbors, its function has recently become the subject of great interest. In particular, clinical scientists have become interested in its contributions to the control of motivated behavior and clinical pathologies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and obse ...
... received less scholarly attention than its neighbors, its function has recently become the subject of great interest. In particular, clinical scientists have become interested in its contributions to the control of motivated behavior and clinical pathologies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and obse ...
Optophysiological analysis of associational circuits in the olfactory
... and their roles in odor-evoked responses, is vital for understanding how odors are recognized and how they are used by the animal to guide its behavior. However, the synaptic properties of the different associational projections have not been characterized, in part due to their extensive anatomic mi ...
... and their roles in odor-evoked responses, is vital for understanding how odors are recognized and how they are used by the animal to guide its behavior. However, the synaptic properties of the different associational projections have not been characterized, in part due to their extensive anatomic mi ...
Neuronal Activity in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during Target
... kHz. Single, biphasic pulses 150 sec in duration were used. Current intensities varied with the searching currents ranging between 200 and 1000 A. Antidromic currents varied between 50 and 400 A (Lemon, 1984). Neurons identified as antidromic had a short (⬍2.0 msec) and consistent latency and wer ...
... kHz. Single, biphasic pulses 150 sec in duration were used. Current intensities varied with the searching currents ranging between 200 and 1000 A. Antidromic currents varied between 50 and 400 A (Lemon, 1984). Neurons identified as antidromic had a short (⬍2.0 msec) and consistent latency and wer ...
Effective connectivity of the subthalamic nucleus
... and single-unit activity in the STN and GP as detailed previously (Mallet et al. 2008a). In doing so, we were able to define one type of STN neuron and two main types of GP neuron in 6–OHDA-lesioned rats (Fig. 1). Type-A GP neurons (GP-TA) were statistically defined as those preferentially dischargi ...
... and single-unit activity in the STN and GP as detailed previously (Mallet et al. 2008a). In doing so, we were able to define one type of STN neuron and two main types of GP neuron in 6–OHDA-lesioned rats (Fig. 1). Type-A GP neurons (GP-TA) were statistically defined as those preferentially dischargi ...
Differential innervation of superficial versus deep - HAL
... Double immunofluorescent labeling of PHA-L and the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) allowed detection of serotonergic fibers among bulbo-spinal projections. Anterograde tracing showed that RMg neurons project preferentially into the deep laminae V-VI whereas LPGi neuron projections are confined to the sup ...
... Double immunofluorescent labeling of PHA-L and the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) allowed detection of serotonergic fibers among bulbo-spinal projections. Anterograde tracing showed that RMg neurons project preferentially into the deep laminae V-VI whereas LPGi neuron projections are confined to the sup ...
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... Whoever devised the names for nerve fibers was not a marketing guy. Fibers are categorized by diameter and transmission speed, in a slightly confusing combination of Roman numerals, Greek letters and Arabic letters and numerals. I’ll use the Roman I-IV to differentiate the sensory fibers. I and II a ...
... Whoever devised the names for nerve fibers was not a marketing guy. Fibers are categorized by diameter and transmission speed, in a slightly confusing combination of Roman numerals, Greek letters and Arabic letters and numerals. I’ll use the Roman I-IV to differentiate the sensory fibers. I and II a ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.