Vestibular System
... o Has its own set of receptors: the vestibular apparatus (in the inner ear) o Has its own motor system that acts at the spinal cord and brainstem levels o Primarily acts as a reflex system; converts sensory information directly into motor activities under a strong influence from certain parts of the ...
... o Has its own set of receptors: the vestibular apparatus (in the inner ear) o Has its own motor system that acts at the spinal cord and brainstem levels o Primarily acts as a reflex system; converts sensory information directly into motor activities under a strong influence from certain parts of the ...
Course of spinocerebellar axons in the ventral and lateral funiculi of
... different cases (see Fig. 1). Two of them (C255 and C258) comprised the main portion of the paramedian lobule area of termination (the posterior part of this lobule, pars copularis) completely. In one of these (C255), the termination area in the medial part of dorsal paraflocculus was also covered. ...
... different cases (see Fig. 1). Two of them (C255 and C258) comprised the main portion of the paramedian lobule area of termination (the posterior part of this lobule, pars copularis) completely. In one of these (C255), the termination area in the medial part of dorsal paraflocculus was also covered. ...
Migration and Differentiation of Neural Crest
... During vertebrate development, neural crest cells migrate from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to pigment cells and most peripheral ganglia. To study these complex processes it is helpful to make use of in vitro techniques, but the transient and morphologically ill-defined nature of neural cres ...
... During vertebrate development, neural crest cells migrate from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to pigment cells and most peripheral ganglia. To study these complex processes it is helpful to make use of in vitro techniques, but the transient and morphologically ill-defined nature of neural cres ...
HLH-14 is a C. elegans Achaete-Scute protein that
... including neurogenesis. Neural bHLH proteins have been characterized in organisms as diverse as nematodes, flies and vertebrates. These factors can assume a variety of tasks, depending upon when and where they are expressed. For example, proneural bHLH factors are expressed early in neurogenesis and ...
... including neurogenesis. Neural bHLH proteins have been characterized in organisms as diverse as nematodes, flies and vertebrates. These factors can assume a variety of tasks, depending upon when and where they are expressed. For example, proneural bHLH factors are expressed early in neurogenesis and ...
The Octopus: A Model for a Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of
... Similarly, the structure of the peduncle lobe, in which small granular cells give rise to arrays of thin parallel fibers, resembles the arrangement in the folia of the vertebrate cerebellum (Hobbs and Young, 1973; Young, 1976; Woodhams, 1977). The peduncle, together with higher motor centers in the ...
... Similarly, the structure of the peduncle lobe, in which small granular cells give rise to arrays of thin parallel fibers, resembles the arrangement in the folia of the vertebrate cerebellum (Hobbs and Young, 1973; Young, 1976; Woodhams, 1977). The peduncle, together with higher motor centers in the ...
Divided by Cytochrome Oxidase: A Map of the Projections from V1 to
... release of BDNF from presynaptic terminals in cortical neurons (37). A recent report (38) provides evidence for activity-dependent postsynaptic release of BDNF from cultured hippocampal neurons. However, because this BDNF release has not yet been directly correlated with LTP recordings, more work is ...
... release of BDNF from presynaptic terminals in cortical neurons (37). A recent report (38) provides evidence for activity-dependent postsynaptic release of BDNF from cultured hippocampal neurons. However, because this BDNF release has not yet been directly correlated with LTP recordings, more work is ...
The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... inhibitory synaptic transmission. While the nature of neuromodulation of inhibitory transmission is still debated, it appears that in both the cortex and the striatum, D1 receptor activation selectively enhances NMDA but not AMPA synaptic transmission. Because of their voltage dependence, NMDA curre ...
... inhibitory synaptic transmission. While the nature of neuromodulation of inhibitory transmission is still debated, it appears that in both the cortex and the striatum, D1 receptor activation selectively enhances NMDA but not AMPA synaptic transmission. Because of their voltage dependence, NMDA curre ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... this inhibition are still largely unknown. Notably, whether such an inhibition of nociception occurs at the cortical level has not been investigated at all. Many previous studies have considered the dorsal horn of the spinal cord as an important site for this phenomenon where large myelinated fiber i ...
... this inhibition are still largely unknown. Notably, whether such an inhibition of nociception occurs at the cortical level has not been investigated at all. Many previous studies have considered the dorsal horn of the spinal cord as an important site for this phenomenon where large myelinated fiber i ...
Event-Driven Simulation Scheme for Spiking Neural Networks Using
... synaptic delays. This required that each spike transmitted between two cells is represented internally by two events. The first one (the firing event) is marked with the time instant when the source neuron fires the spike. The second one (the propagated event) is marked with the time instant when th ...
... synaptic delays. This required that each spike transmitted between two cells is represented internally by two events. The first one (the firing event) is marked with the time instant when the source neuron fires the spike. The second one (the propagated event) is marked with the time instant when th ...
Document
... of 2 British pharmacologists, Hans Kosterlitz and John Hughes. In 1975, they isolated a substance from the brain of pigs that had the same actions as morphine. They named it enkephalin. ...
... of 2 British pharmacologists, Hans Kosterlitz and John Hughes. In 1975, they isolated a substance from the brain of pigs that had the same actions as morphine. They named it enkephalin. ...
Mirror neuron functioning: an explanation for
... were watching someone else move their fingers and while performing finger movements of their own. During this action and action-observation two areas were found in which overlap in activity was present; the inferior frontal cortex and rostal-most region of the right superior parietal lobe. This over ...
... were watching someone else move their fingers and while performing finger movements of their own. During this action and action-observation two areas were found in which overlap in activity was present; the inferior frontal cortex and rostal-most region of the right superior parietal lobe. This over ...
Lecture 6: Single neuron models
... which, on release, may activate a corresponding pool of postsynaptic receptors (Walmsley et al., 1998). The RRVP is replenished from a large reserve pool. The reality is likely to be more complex than this, with vesicles in the RRVP possibly consisting of a number of subpools, each in different stat ...
... which, on release, may activate a corresponding pool of postsynaptic receptors (Walmsley et al., 1998). The RRVP is replenished from a large reserve pool. The reality is likely to be more complex than this, with vesicles in the RRVP possibly consisting of a number of subpools, each in different stat ...
Hikosaka O - lsr
... The habenula is a phylogenetically old brain structure that is present in virtually all vertebrate species. In many of the vertebrates — fishes, amphibian, and reptiles — the habenula is larger on one side than the other, unlike most other brain structures1. The asymmetry of the habenula is often as ...
... The habenula is a phylogenetically old brain structure that is present in virtually all vertebrate species. In many of the vertebrates — fishes, amphibian, and reptiles — the habenula is larger on one side than the other, unlike most other brain structures1. The asymmetry of the habenula is often as ...
Nancy A. O`Rourke Nicholas C. Weiler Kristina D
... identified 60 highly enriched proteins, some of which were not seen in heterogenous synapse purifications and may be specific to this synapse type 12. Future studies such as this will greatly contribute to a better understanding of synaptic diversity. Multiple lines of evidence from genomic, immunoh ...
... identified 60 highly enriched proteins, some of which were not seen in heterogenous synapse purifications and may be specific to this synapse type 12. Future studies such as this will greatly contribute to a better understanding of synaptic diversity. Multiple lines of evidence from genomic, immunoh ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
... need for Meet for coordinated action - occurrence of words - combining them into a speech language education system as a generalized reflection of reality, understandable to all members of a given group of people. The qualitative difference between the second signal system connections from the first ...
... need for Meet for coordinated action - occurrence of words - combining them into a speech language education system as a generalized reflection of reality, understandable to all members of a given group of people. The qualitative difference between the second signal system connections from the first ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the control period (Mann--Whitney U-test, P < 0.05), the neuron was consi ...
... the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the control period (Mann--Whitney U-test, P < 0.05), the neuron was consi ...
Tactile orientation perception: an ideal observer analysis of human
... sensitive to low-frequency vibration, are distributed with even higher density than the SA1 afferents but have relatively poor spatial resolution and may, in fact, impede spatial perception (Bensmaia et al. 2006). Although SA1 afferents, as a population, carry the fine spatial information needed for ...
... sensitive to low-frequency vibration, are distributed with even higher density than the SA1 afferents but have relatively poor spatial resolution and may, in fact, impede spatial perception (Bensmaia et al. 2006). Although SA1 afferents, as a population, carry the fine spatial information needed for ...
Propofol Inhibits Neuronal Firing Activities in the Caudal
... CVLM are mainly GABAergic, in contrast to the glutamatergic neurons in the RVLM.(14) However, in our study, propofol displayed similar actions on neuronal firings in these 2 areas. In other words, propofol not only inhibited neuronal firings in the pressor area, the RVLM, but also inhibited neuronal ...
... CVLM are mainly GABAergic, in contrast to the glutamatergic neurons in the RVLM.(14) However, in our study, propofol displayed similar actions on neuronal firings in these 2 areas. In other words, propofol not only inhibited neuronal firings in the pressor area, the RVLM, but also inhibited neuronal ...
Okamoto Devel Neurbiol Review
... saka, 2007, 2009). The habenular lesions in rats prevented change in the response strategy under stressful conditions that was more appropriate for a given environmental contingency (Thornton and Evans, 1982). Namely, in forced swimming test, the animals with bilateral lesions of the habenula cannot ...
... saka, 2007, 2009). The habenular lesions in rats prevented change in the response strategy under stressful conditions that was more appropriate for a given environmental contingency (Thornton and Evans, 1982). Namely, in forced swimming test, the animals with bilateral lesions of the habenula cannot ...
PLoS Biol. 2016 Oct 10.
... In HVC projection neurons, there are no traces of auditory feedback responses during singing, not even subthreshold [26–28]. One possibility is that NIf is responsive to auditory feedback and that these responses are gated off in NIf-HVC synapses. To test for this possibility, we perturbed birds dur ...
... In HVC projection neurons, there are no traces of auditory feedback responses during singing, not even subthreshold [26–28]. One possibility is that NIf is responsive to auditory feedback and that these responses are gated off in NIf-HVC synapses. To test for this possibility, we perturbed birds dur ...
Review Article Regeneration of Zebrafish CNS
... Copyright © 2016 S. Ghosh and S. P. Hui. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Regeneration in the animal kingdom is one of ...
... Copyright © 2016 S. Ghosh and S. P. Hui. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Regeneration in the animal kingdom is one of ...
Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine‐radiographic
... Darkschewitsch peak production time was on days E l 2 and E13, extending to day E15; in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus the time span was the same but with a pronounced peak on day E13; finally, the neurons of the parabigeminal nucleus were produced between days E l 3 and E l 5 with a peak on day E14. ...
... Darkschewitsch peak production time was on days E l 2 and E13, extending to day E15; in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus the time span was the same but with a pronounced peak on day E13; finally, the neurons of the parabigeminal nucleus were produced between days E l 3 and E l 5 with a peak on day E14. ...
Intelligent agents capable of developing memory of their environment
... be applied to the two daughter cells. The neural network is developed by following the tree using instructions in these cells. The network ends up at terminal cells having no sub-trees. In subsequent work, Gruau introduced a genotype-phenotype mapping that allowed the repetition of the phenotypic st ...
... be applied to the two daughter cells. The neural network is developed by following the tree using instructions in these cells. The network ends up at terminal cells having no sub-trees. In subsequent work, Gruau introduced a genotype-phenotype mapping that allowed the repetition of the phenotypic st ...
Olfaction and the Chemical Senses
... chemical environment. The same skill can be used by a mother and her calf to recognize each other (Kallquist and Mossing, 1982) and for many other purposes. More importantly, the olfactory system is able to perform such recognition both innately (see Chapter 3; Simpson and White, 1990; Tabuchi et al ...
... chemical environment. The same skill can be used by a mother and her calf to recognize each other (Kallquist and Mossing, 1982) and for many other purposes. More importantly, the olfactory system is able to perform such recognition both innately (see Chapter 3; Simpson and White, 1990; Tabuchi et al ...
Dynamic ordering of early generated striatal cells destined to form
... 1982), and matrix cells mainly thereafter (Graybiel, 1984b). The prolonged neurogenesis of compartment progenitor cells allows appraisal of the dynamics of neuronal settling, and an opportunity to approach the important issue of how neurons destined to have the same compartmental phenotype, but havi ...
... 1982), and matrix cells mainly thereafter (Graybiel, 1984b). The prolonged neurogenesis of compartment progenitor cells allows appraisal of the dynamics of neuronal settling, and an opportunity to approach the important issue of how neurons destined to have the same compartmental phenotype, but havi ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.