Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine‐radiographic
... Darkschewitsch peak production time was on days E l 2 and E13, extending to day E15; in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus the time span was the same but with a pronounced peak on day E13; finally, the neurons of the parabigeminal nucleus were produced between days E l 3 and E l 5 with a peak on day E14. ...
... Darkschewitsch peak production time was on days E l 2 and E13, extending to day E15; in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus the time span was the same but with a pronounced peak on day E13; finally, the neurons of the parabigeminal nucleus were produced between days E l 3 and E l 5 with a peak on day E14. ...
MIrror neuRons based RObot Recognition - LIRA-Lab
... artificial system that learns to communicate by means of body gestures. We adopted a three-pronged approach based on the results of neurophysiological and developmental psychology experiments, on the construction of models from the recording of human movements, and on the implementation of these mod ...
... artificial system that learns to communicate by means of body gestures. We adopted a three-pronged approach based on the results of neurophysiological and developmental psychology experiments, on the construction of models from the recording of human movements, and on the implementation of these mod ...
Intelligent agents capable of developing memory of their environment
... be applied to the two daughter cells. The neural network is developed by following the tree using instructions in these cells. The network ends up at terminal cells having no sub-trees. In subsequent work, Gruau introduced a genotype-phenotype mapping that allowed the repetition of the phenotypic st ...
... be applied to the two daughter cells. The neural network is developed by following the tree using instructions in these cells. The network ends up at terminal cells having no sub-trees. In subsequent work, Gruau introduced a genotype-phenotype mapping that allowed the repetition of the phenotypic st ...
Cardiovascular depressor responses to stimulation of substantia
... been clearly defined, as the relatively large microinjections of neuroactive substances that produced cardiovascular responses (11, 12, 24, 29) would have also stimulated neurons in regions outside the SN or VTA. Furthermore, the cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical stimulation of these r ...
... been clearly defined, as the relatively large microinjections of neuroactive substances that produced cardiovascular responses (11, 12, 24, 29) would have also stimulated neurons in regions outside the SN or VTA. Furthermore, the cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical stimulation of these r ...
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity
... Figure 3. Zymosan-activated macrophages modify the surrounding microenvironment creating passages for axon growth. A, B, A three-dimensional (3D) schematic showing the formation of a graded column of activated microglia and macrophages emanating from a zymosan injection site (A, B, D, green). Phagoc ...
... Figure 3. Zymosan-activated macrophages modify the surrounding microenvironment creating passages for axon growth. A, B, A three-dimensional (3D) schematic showing the formation of a graded column of activated microglia and macrophages emanating from a zymosan injection site (A, B, D, green). Phagoc ...
Spiking Neurons - Computing Science and Mathematics
... input , however, is hardly stationary, but often changing on a fast time scale. For example, even when viewing a static image, we perform saccades, rapid changes of the direction of gaze. The retinal photo receptors receive therefore every few hundred milliseconds a new input . Despite its shortcomi ...
... input , however, is hardly stationary, but often changing on a fast time scale. For example, even when viewing a static image, we perform saccades, rapid changes of the direction of gaze. The retinal photo receptors receive therefore every few hundred milliseconds a new input . Despite its shortcomi ...
How Do Neurons Communicate?
... receive chemical messages. Micrographs also reveal some dark patches on the presynaptic membrane, the membrane of the axon terminal, although these patches are harder to see. Here, too, the patches are protein molecules, which in this case serve largely as channels and pumps, as well as receptor sit ...
... receive chemical messages. Micrographs also reveal some dark patches on the presynaptic membrane, the membrane of the axon terminal, although these patches are harder to see. Here, too, the patches are protein molecules, which in this case serve largely as channels and pumps, as well as receptor sit ...
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics
... them as clusters. A smooth density landscape was determined by convolving the bouton locations with a spherical Gaussian kernel of width (or SD) h (Scott, 1992). Each local maximum of the density landscape is a peak of a mountain and the set of boutons forming the mountain defines the cluster. To de ...
... them as clusters. A smooth density landscape was determined by convolving the bouton locations with a spherical Gaussian kernel of width (or SD) h (Scott, 1992). Each local maximum of the density landscape is a peak of a mountain and the set of boutons forming the mountain defines the cluster. To de ...
Lorazepam dose-dependently decreases risk-taking
... human norm, i.e., individuals when making a decision are more strongly influenced by the potential of losses associated with an action than by the potential of gains. In other words, from a normative perspective, individuals tend to be riskaverse. Thus, it is important to understand maladaptive (exc ...
... human norm, i.e., individuals when making a decision are more strongly influenced by the potential of losses associated with an action than by the potential of gains. In other words, from a normative perspective, individuals tend to be riskaverse. Thus, it is important to understand maladaptive (exc ...
The Thalamus
... receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In these investigations, the ability to carry out investigations on slices of the living thalamus kept ...
... receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In these investigations, the ability to carry out investigations on slices of the living thalamus kept ...
Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
... When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells, such that A’s efficiency as one of the cells firing B, is increased. Hebb Rule 4wi,j = λ oi oj Instrumental in Bi ...
... When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells, such that A’s efficiency as one of the cells firing B, is increased. Hebb Rule 4wi,j = λ oi oj Instrumental in Bi ...
Attention as a decision in information space
... results in devastating behavioral and psychiatric disorders. Thus, understanding the neuronal mechanisms of decision formation is a central goal of cognitive neuroscience. In recent years, significant progress in the study of decision formation was made possible by the development of behavioral task ...
... results in devastating behavioral and psychiatric disorders. Thus, understanding the neuronal mechanisms of decision formation is a central goal of cognitive neuroscience. In recent years, significant progress in the study of decision formation was made possible by the development of behavioral task ...
Title Modulation of Conditioned Fear, Fear
... amygdala (BLA) is involved in pain, fear and fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA). In this study, we investigated the effects of intra-BLA administration of the GABA A receptor agonist, muscimol, on the expression of conditioned-fear, formalin-evoked nociception and fearconditioned analgesia in rats, an ...
... amygdala (BLA) is involved in pain, fear and fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA). In this study, we investigated the effects of intra-BLA administration of the GABA A receptor agonist, muscimol, on the expression of conditioned-fear, formalin-evoked nociception and fearconditioned analgesia in rats, an ...
Amygdala-Prefrontal Synchronization Underlies Resistance to
... two-way ANOVA). In both the amygdala and the dACC, responsive cells were homogeneously distributed within our recording borders (Figure S2C, p > 0.2 for all, bootstrap analysis), suggesting that they represent an activity pattern common in wide parts of these two structures. In addition, there was n ...
... two-way ANOVA). In both the amygdala and the dACC, responsive cells were homogeneously distributed within our recording borders (Figure S2C, p > 0.2 for all, bootstrap analysis), suggesting that they represent an activity pattern common in wide parts of these two structures. In addition, there was n ...
Nerves and how they work File
... • Answer the directed study questions posed in this lecture • Ensure you understand the structure and the function of the cell membrane, and how these are adapted in the case of neurons and muscle fibres ...
... • Answer the directed study questions posed in this lecture • Ensure you understand the structure and the function of the cell membrane, and how these are adapted in the case of neurons and muscle fibres ...
Layer III Neurons Control Synchronized Waves in the Immature
... Previous studies have focused mainly on the macroscopic behavior of waves, and little is known about how the waves emerge, propagate, terminate, or reflect at the microcircuit level. This gap in the literature is largely due to the lack of an appropriate experimental method; that is, macroscopic ima ...
... Previous studies have focused mainly on the macroscopic behavior of waves, and little is known about how the waves emerge, propagate, terminate, or reflect at the microcircuit level. This gap in the literature is largely due to the lack of an appropriate experimental method; that is, macroscopic ima ...
Motion sensitive cells in the macaque superior
... handle to the turntable a.nd another used for detecting the rotation of the handle. The latter wheel was covered with 48 evenly distributed silver/black stripes. A light detector system positione, d over the wheel detected the changes in light reflectance and was used to generate a short (1 ms) puls ...
... handle to the turntable a.nd another used for detecting the rotation of the handle. The latter wheel was covered with 48 evenly distributed silver/black stripes. A light detector system positione, d over the wheel detected the changes in light reflectance and was used to generate a short (1 ms) puls ...
Beyond the classical receptive field: The effect of contextual stimuli
... 45) already wrote, ‘‘. . . not only the areas from which responses can actually be set up by retinal illumination may be included in a definition of the receptive field but also all areas which show a functional connection, by an inhibitory or excitatory effect on a ganglion cell. This may well involv ...
... 45) already wrote, ‘‘. . . not only the areas from which responses can actually be set up by retinal illumination may be included in a definition of the receptive field but also all areas which show a functional connection, by an inhibitory or excitatory effect on a ganglion cell. This may well involv ...
1 How the Nervous System Works
... body, and then move down the axon. A neuron can have many dendrites, but it has only one axon. An axon, however, can have more than one tip, so the impulse can go to more than one other cell. Axons and dendrites are sometimes called nerve fibers. Nerve fibers are often arranged in parallel bundles c ...
... body, and then move down the axon. A neuron can have many dendrites, but it has only one axon. An axon, however, can have more than one tip, so the impulse can go to more than one other cell. Axons and dendrites are sometimes called nerve fibers. Nerve fibers are often arranged in parallel bundles c ...
Full Text
... theory proposes that while the size of empty space interacts with the magnitude of size contrast to determine the final magnitude of illusions, it also plays a key role in providing an orientation signal for the application of computation by the perceptual system (Figure 2A and 2B). There are other ...
... theory proposes that while the size of empty space interacts with the magnitude of size contrast to determine the final magnitude of illusions, it also plays a key role in providing an orientation signal for the application of computation by the perceptual system (Figure 2A and 2B). There are other ...
Receptive fields and suppressive fields in the
... Initial models proposed that these operations are weighted sums, with weights given by a neuron’s receptive field. These models explain the basic features of response selectivity. They were later extended to explain a number of suppressive effects originating within and outside the region of the rec ...
... Initial models proposed that these operations are weighted sums, with weights given by a neuron’s receptive field. These models explain the basic features of response selectivity. They were later extended to explain a number of suppressive effects originating within and outside the region of the rec ...
The Origins of Two-State Spontaneous Membrane Potential
... reversal potential as that of the synaptic potential evoked by cortical stimulation. These results indicate that the event underlying the Up state is a maintained barrage of synaptic excitation, but that the membrane potential achieved during the Up state in neostriatal spiny neurons is determined b ...
... reversal potential as that of the synaptic potential evoked by cortical stimulation. These results indicate that the event underlying the Up state is a maintained barrage of synaptic excitation, but that the membrane potential achieved during the Up state in neostriatal spiny neurons is determined b ...
Pioneers of cortical plasticity: six classic papers by Wiesel and Hubel
... The second paper of this second series asked if the activity arriving at the cortex through the two eyes had to be coincident in order to produce cells equally driven by the two eyes. Once again Hubel and Wiesel (1965) answered the question in the affirmative. Kittens raised with surgically induced ...
... The second paper of this second series asked if the activity arriving at the cortex through the two eyes had to be coincident in order to produce cells equally driven by the two eyes. Once again Hubel and Wiesel (1965) answered the question in the affirmative. Kittens raised with surgically induced ...
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata
... collected at 1 kHz. Spike potentials of single neurons were isolated online using a custom voltage-time window discrimination software (MEX, LSR/NEI/NIH). Identification of CD-SNr and SNr-SC connections. To test if an SNr neuron receives the direct input from CD, we electrically stimulated CD(T) and ...
... collected at 1 kHz. Spike potentials of single neurons were isolated online using a custom voltage-time window discrimination software (MEX, LSR/NEI/NIH). Identification of CD-SNr and SNr-SC connections. To test if an SNr neuron receives the direct input from CD, we electrically stimulated CD(T) and ...
Auditory Neurons in the Dorsal Cortex of the Inferior Colliculus
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.