Anatomical Evidence of Multimodal Integration in Primate
... processing (Hikosaka et al., 1988; Calvert et al., 2001). Previous anatomical and single-unit recording studies point to multisensory integration in polysensory areas located in temporal, parietal, and frontal cortex (Goldman-Rakic, 1988). However there is recent electrophysiological and brain imagi ...
... processing (Hikosaka et al., 1988; Calvert et al., 2001). Previous anatomical and single-unit recording studies point to multisensory integration in polysensory areas located in temporal, parietal, and frontal cortex (Goldman-Rakic, 1988). However there is recent electrophysiological and brain imagi ...
Chapter 47 9th ed ppt
... • After cleavage, the rate of cell division slows and the normal cell cycle is restored • Morphogenesis, the process by which cells occupy their appropriate locations, involves – Gastrulation, the movement of cells from the blastula surface to the interior of the embryo – Organogenesis, the formatio ...
... • After cleavage, the rate of cell division slows and the normal cell cycle is restored • Morphogenesis, the process by which cells occupy their appropriate locations, involves – Gastrulation, the movement of cells from the blastula surface to the interior of the embryo – Organogenesis, the formatio ...
Comparison of Primate Prefrontal and Inferior Temporal
... needed to represent the category of the currently visible test stimulus and several laboratories (Logothetis et al., 1995; Booth and Rolls, 1998; Kowhether it was a categorical match to the sample stimulus. To analyze batake et al., 1998; Baker et al., 2002). No attempt was made to prescreen categor ...
... needed to represent the category of the currently visible test stimulus and several laboratories (Logothetis et al., 1995; Booth and Rolls, 1998; Kowhether it was a categorical match to the sample stimulus. To analyze batake et al., 1998; Baker et al., 2002). No attempt was made to prescreen categor ...
Encoding and Retrieval of Episodic Memories: Role of Hippocampus
... of the dentate gyrus (McNaughton and Barnes, 1990; Quirk et al., 1992). The sparse activity patterns in the dentate gyrus represent the features of an individual episodic memory—for example, the learning of a single word in a list learning experiment. Note that these are not semantic representations ...
... of the dentate gyrus (McNaughton and Barnes, 1990; Quirk et al., 1992). The sparse activity patterns in the dentate gyrus represent the features of an individual episodic memory—for example, the learning of a single word in a list learning experiment. Note that these are not semantic representations ...
MAY 5, 2000 Submitted to the Annual Review of Neuroscience AN
... patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional eval ...
... patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional eval ...
Cochlea and Auditory Pathways
... The nucleus is the source of efferent axons which selectively “tune” the spiral organ for frequency discrimination (e.g., listening to the play of one instrument within an orchestra). (Efferent innervation affects the length of outer hair cells which changes the position of the tectorial membrane wh ...
... The nucleus is the source of efferent axons which selectively “tune” the spiral organ for frequency discrimination (e.g., listening to the play of one instrument within an orchestra). (Efferent innervation affects the length of outer hair cells which changes the position of the tectorial membrane wh ...
A Functional Role for Intra-Axonal Protein Synthesis during Axonal
... used for Southern blotting (Sambrook et al., 1989). Hybridization. Northern and Southern blots were hybridized with 32Plabeled cDNA probes by standard methods as described previously (T wiss et al., 2000). cDNA probes for -actin and ␥-actin were provided by Peter Gunning, Children’s Medical Researc ...
... used for Southern blotting (Sambrook et al., 1989). Hybridization. Northern and Southern blots were hybridized with 32Plabeled cDNA probes by standard methods as described previously (T wiss et al., 2000). cDNA probes for -actin and ␥-actin were provided by Peter Gunning, Children’s Medical Researc ...
Amyloid Precursor Protein in Cortical Neurons: Coexistence of Two
... Sisodia, 1992). In the brain, all of these processesmay act to different degreesto produce PA4 amyloid deposits. However, the specific cells in which APP metabolism is disrupted are unknown. One likely possibility are the neurons that contain considerableAPP immunoreactivity in the vicinity of amylo ...
... Sisodia, 1992). In the brain, all of these processesmay act to different degreesto produce PA4 amyloid deposits. However, the specific cells in which APP metabolism is disrupted are unknown. One likely possibility are the neurons that contain considerableAPP immunoreactivity in the vicinity of amylo ...
Effects of Repeated Administration of 3,4
... 24 h after the testing sessions, rats were anaesthetized with chloroform, decapitated and their brains were re¬moved from the skull and stored in paraformaldehyde (4%) for two weeks. Then, the brains were placed in tissue processor apparatus for tissue procedures. Fol¬lowing this session, samples of ...
... 24 h after the testing sessions, rats were anaesthetized with chloroform, decapitated and their brains were re¬moved from the skull and stored in paraformaldehyde (4%) for two weeks. Then, the brains were placed in tissue processor apparatus for tissue procedures. Fol¬lowing this session, samples of ...
Mediated Activation of the Cholinergic Anti
... homeostasis and acupuncture has been recently shown to regulate inflammatory responses through the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Understanding immune system innervation can provide modern medicine with new tools to prevent, as well as treat immune-mediated disorders and di ...
... homeostasis and acupuncture has been recently shown to regulate inflammatory responses through the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Understanding immune system innervation can provide modern medicine with new tools to prevent, as well as treat immune-mediated disorders and di ...
2015 Cosyne Program
... The annual Cosyne meeting provides an inclusive forum for the exchange of experimental and theoretical/computational approaches to problems in systems neuroscience. To encourage interdisciplinary interactions, the main meeting is arranged in a single track. A set of invited talks are selected by the ...
... The annual Cosyne meeting provides an inclusive forum for the exchange of experimental and theoretical/computational approaches to problems in systems neuroscience. To encourage interdisciplinary interactions, the main meeting is arranged in a single track. A set of invited talks are selected by the ...
Biology
... axon terminal. Usually the neuron makes contact with another cell at this site. The neuron may pass the impulse along to the second cell. The location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell is called a synapse. Slide 26 of 38 End Show ...
... axon terminal. Usually the neuron makes contact with another cell at this site. The neuron may pass the impulse along to the second cell. The location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell is called a synapse. Slide 26 of 38 End Show ...
The Integrated Nature of Motor Cortical Function
... Fig. 3. Camera lucida drawing of a single biocytin-labeled motor cortical layer V pyramidal neuron, reconstructed from horizontal sections (i.e., viewed from above). Microstimulation at that point elicited a response in the elbow flexor brachialis (Br). Note the extensive axonal arbor studded with ...
... Fig. 3. Camera lucida drawing of a single biocytin-labeled motor cortical layer V pyramidal neuron, reconstructed from horizontal sections (i.e., viewed from above). Microstimulation at that point elicited a response in the elbow flexor brachialis (Br). Note the extensive axonal arbor studded with ...
Glucose-sensing neurons: Are they physiologically relevant?
... dissociation between brain and plasma glucose levels in specific regions of the brain [29,31]. Regardless of the variability in exact measurement of extracellular glucose levels in the brain, it is clear that extracellular glucose levels of either 0 or 10 –20 mM are nonphysiologic. That is, brain ex ...
... dissociation between brain and plasma glucose levels in specific regions of the brain [29,31]. Regardless of the variability in exact measurement of extracellular glucose levels in the brain, it is clear that extracellular glucose levels of either 0 or 10 –20 mM are nonphysiologic. That is, brain ex ...
SAD Kinases Sculpt Axonal Arbors of Sensory Neurons through
... staining showed no difference in overall structure between mutant and control BSTC (Figures S3C and S3D). Cumulatively, these data suggest that SAD kinases are required in subsets of sensory neurons for terminal axon arbor formation throughout the CNS. In SADIsl1-cre mice, SAD kinases are deleted fr ...
... staining showed no difference in overall structure between mutant and control BSTC (Figures S3C and S3D). Cumulatively, these data suggest that SAD kinases are required in subsets of sensory neurons for terminal axon arbor formation throughout the CNS. In SADIsl1-cre mice, SAD kinases are deleted fr ...
Photoreception
... glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). Neurons can then synthesize glutamate from glutamine (Hertz, 1979, Pow and Crook, 1996). Thus, histological techniques are used to identify potential glutamatergic neurons by labeling ...
... glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). Neurons can then synthesize glutamate from glutamine (Hertz, 1979, Pow and Crook, 1996). Thus, histological techniques are used to identify potential glutamatergic neurons by labeling ...
Different Stimuli, Different Spatial Codes: A Visual Map and an
... not been reported in the primate brain. Instead, recent studies have suggested that sound location may be encoded via broadly responsive neurons whose firing rates vary roughly proportionately with sound azimuth. Within frontal space, maps and such rate codes involve different response patterns at t ...
... not been reported in the primate brain. Instead, recent studies have suggested that sound location may be encoded via broadly responsive neurons whose firing rates vary roughly proportionately with sound azimuth. Within frontal space, maps and such rate codes involve different response patterns at t ...
Sleep and Biological Rhythms
... in the visual association cortex but low levels in the inferior frontal cortex ...
... in the visual association cortex but low levels in the inferior frontal cortex ...
Pharmacodynamic Effects of a D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor
... only to high force mechanical stimulation, were recorded. In rats with dorsal roots sectioned, only spontaneous activity was recorded. For recording of dorsal root filaments, left L4 dorsal root was sectioned and repeatedly teased into small bundles. A small bundle (filament) teased from the L4 dors ...
... only to high force mechanical stimulation, were recorded. In rats with dorsal roots sectioned, only spontaneous activity was recorded. For recording of dorsal root filaments, left L4 dorsal root was sectioned and repeatedly teased into small bundles. A small bundle (filament) teased from the L4 dors ...
B S T M
... Brighter and deeper imaging with better resolution. Olympus FV1000MPE multiphoton laser scanning microscope is renowned for its ability to offer bright, clear imaging deep within specimens. This is thanks to its optical design, which allows the microscope to faithfully produce the phenomenon of mult ...
... Brighter and deeper imaging with better resolution. Olympus FV1000MPE multiphoton laser scanning microscope is renowned for its ability to offer bright, clear imaging deep within specimens. This is thanks to its optical design, which allows the microscope to faithfully produce the phenomenon of mult ...
Changes in Monoamine Release in the Ventral Horn and
... possibly other cranial motoneurons had a different mechanism of motor inhibition than spinal motoneurons. They suggested that hypoglossal motoneurons were not subject to glycinergic inhibition but were inactivated by a reduction in serotonin (5-HT) release during REM sleep (Kubin et al., 1993). Ther ...
... possibly other cranial motoneurons had a different mechanism of motor inhibition than spinal motoneurons. They suggested that hypoglossal motoneurons were not subject to glycinergic inhibition but were inactivated by a reduction in serotonin (5-HT) release during REM sleep (Kubin et al., 1993). Ther ...
Neural Transcription Factors: from Embryos to Neural Stem Cells
... genes can be directly repressed by BMP-regulated transcription factors (Rogers et al., 2008; Taylor et al., 2006), stabilizing a cell’s commitment to a neural fate is important as the signaling environment changes in the embryo. One such factor is Zic1, which causes the embryonic ectoderm to be more ...
... genes can be directly repressed by BMP-regulated transcription factors (Rogers et al., 2008; Taylor et al., 2006), stabilizing a cell’s commitment to a neural fate is important as the signaling environment changes in the embryo. One such factor is Zic1, which causes the embryonic ectoderm to be more ...
The role of eyes in early face processing: A rapid adaptation study of
... of eyes in the FIE as predicted by the Itier et al. model, isolated mouths and mouthless faces were included in the design, both upright and inverted. Like eyes, mouths are also an isolated facial feature. Mouthless faces control for the configuration disruption involved in eyeless faces while keepi ...
... of eyes in the FIE as predicted by the Itier et al. model, isolated mouths and mouthless faces were included in the design, both upright and inverted. Like eyes, mouths are also an isolated facial feature. Mouthless faces control for the configuration disruption involved in eyeless faces while keepi ...
Surface-view connectivity patterns of area 18 in cats
... to area 18 were associated with the rostral-most FR injection, caudal-most FB-labeled patches of cells reflected the caudal-most position of the FB injection, and other patches of labeled cells were aligned with their associated tracers. Thus, for connections of area 17, area 19, and the suprasylvia ...
... to area 18 were associated with the rostral-most FR injection, caudal-most FB-labeled patches of cells reflected the caudal-most position of the FB injection, and other patches of labeled cells were aligned with their associated tracers. Thus, for connections of area 17, area 19, and the suprasylvia ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.