Viewpoint Synaptic Connectivity and Neuronal Morphology: Two
... A shortcoming of the axons-only network is that each axon has to make its way to every cell body. Since all the signals received by a neuron are merged in the cell body, the same functionality can be achieved by a single process reaching out in the direction of axons and meeting them halfway (Chklov ...
... A shortcoming of the axons-only network is that each axon has to make its way to every cell body. Since all the signals received by a neuron are merged in the cell body, the same functionality can be achieved by a single process reaching out in the direction of axons and meeting them halfway (Chklov ...
Degeneration and impaired regeneration of gray matter
... as astrocytes and microglia are critical for the pathogenic process of ALS1–4. ALS-linked genes such as Sod1 are expressed in glia and motor neurons, and glial cell dysfunction appears to exacerbate injury to motor neurons, as selective removal of mutant SOD1 from subsets of glia slows disease progr ...
... as astrocytes and microglia are critical for the pathogenic process of ALS1–4. ALS-linked genes such as Sod1 are expressed in glia and motor neurons, and glial cell dysfunction appears to exacerbate injury to motor neurons, as selective removal of mutant SOD1 from subsets of glia slows disease progr ...
Proliferation, differentiation and degeneration in the spinal ganglia
... are occupied by much smaller cells which have not begun to differentiate (fig. 5 ) . The second period begins at 8 days and ends approximately a t 12 days ; however, the demarcation between this and the third period is not sharp. This phase represents a relatively static condition, in distinction to ...
... are occupied by much smaller cells which have not begun to differentiate (fig. 5 ) . The second period begins at 8 days and ends approximately a t 12 days ; however, the demarcation between this and the third period is not sharp. This phase represents a relatively static condition, in distinction to ...
Organization of Cytoskeletal Elements and Organelles Preceding
... In the embryonic grasshopper limb, the first pair of afferent neurons to differentiate are the Til pioneer neurons (Fig. 1 A; Bate, 1976; Keshishian, 1980; Ho and Goodman, 1982; Bentley and Keshishian, 1982). They arise in the ectodermal epithelium (Fig. 1 B), as the daughter cells of a single epith ...
... In the embryonic grasshopper limb, the first pair of afferent neurons to differentiate are the Til pioneer neurons (Fig. 1 A; Bate, 1976; Keshishian, 1980; Ho and Goodman, 1982; Bentley and Keshishian, 1982). They arise in the ectodermal epithelium (Fig. 1 B), as the daughter cells of a single epith ...
Picture 2.12. Some of the more often used neuron`s
... Firstly, they are characterised by having many inputs and one output. The input signals xi (i = 1,2,…,n) and the output signal y may take on only numerical values, generally of the range from 0 to 1 ( sometimes also from –1 to + 1), whereas the fact that within the tasks being solved by networks t ...
... Firstly, they are characterised by having many inputs and one output. The input signals xi (i = 1,2,…,n) and the output signal y may take on only numerical values, generally of the range from 0 to 1 ( sometimes also from –1 to + 1), whereas the fact that within the tasks being solved by networks t ...
Basilar artery aneurysm with autonomic features: an interesting
... activation of neurons in the very same regions.17 It has also been shown that stimulation of the greater occipital nerve in rats leads to ipsilateral conjunctival injection, tearing, and ptosis in one third of animals.18 Thus an anatomical pathway exists whereby C2 activation may trigger eVerent neu ...
... activation of neurons in the very same regions.17 It has also been shown that stimulation of the greater occipital nerve in rats leads to ipsilateral conjunctival injection, tearing, and ptosis in one third of animals.18 Thus an anatomical pathway exists whereby C2 activation may trigger eVerent neu ...
Deep Neural Networks for Anatomical Brain Segmentation
... model is trained to classify each voxel into its corresponding anatomical region. In particular, we investigate whether recent advances in representation learning (the field of machine learning that aims to automatically extract useful representations of the data) may prove beneficial for the segmen ...
... model is trained to classify each voxel into its corresponding anatomical region. In particular, we investigate whether recent advances in representation learning (the field of machine learning that aims to automatically extract useful representations of the data) may prove beneficial for the segmen ...
Self-Organizing Feature Maps with Lateral Connections: Modeling
... the cortex, and thereby help form dynamic representations of coherent input areas [16]; (3) by learning correlations in input during development, they can potentially form long-term representations of input regularities such as gestalt rules [19]; and (4) by combining such representations with input ...
... the cortex, and thereby help form dynamic representations of coherent input areas [16]; (3) by learning correlations in input during development, they can potentially form long-term representations of input regularities such as gestalt rules [19]; and (4) by combining such representations with input ...
(15 pages pdf)
... 4Department of Biology, The Huck Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 5Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA *Correspondence: wuwei@caltech.edu DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.031 2Division ...
... 4Department of Biology, The Huck Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 5Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA *Correspondence: wuwei@caltech.edu DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.031 2Division ...
excitation and inhibition of the reflex eye withdrawal of the crab
... brains were prepared for electrophysiological studies by dissecting the anterior portion of the carapace away from the rest of the body leaving the eyes, brain and statocysts intact. The oesophageal connectives and part of the tegumentary nerves are the only nerves of the brain which are interrupted ...
... brains were prepared for electrophysiological studies by dissecting the anterior portion of the carapace away from the rest of the body leaving the eyes, brain and statocysts intact. The oesophageal connectives and part of the tegumentary nerves are the only nerves of the brain which are interrupted ...
Cortex-inspired Developmental Learning for Vision-based Navigation, Attention and Recognition
... behaviors in the challenging task of vision-based navigation, using reinforcement learning and supervised learning jointly. Locally Balanced Incremental Hierarchical Discriminant Regression (LBIHDR) Tree was developed as a cognitive mapping engine to automatically generate internal representations, ...
... behaviors in the challenging task of vision-based navigation, using reinforcement learning and supervised learning jointly. Locally Balanced Incremental Hierarchical Discriminant Regression (LBIHDR) Tree was developed as a cognitive mapping engine to automatically generate internal representations, ...
Ascending projections from spinal cord and brainstem to
... and 2614 were much smaller. In cases 2577 and 2590 they involved the area medial to the fasciculus retroflexus, at different dorsoventral locations, and in case 2395 the area lateral to the fasciculus retroflexus (nucleus centre médian). In case 2614 the rostral part of the medial thalamus was injecte ...
... and 2614 were much smaller. In cases 2577 and 2590 they involved the area medial to the fasciculus retroflexus, at different dorsoventral locations, and in case 2395 the area lateral to the fasciculus retroflexus (nucleus centre médian). In case 2614 the rostral part of the medial thalamus was injecte ...
The Development of Neural Synchrony and Large
... Adolescence: Relevance for the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis ...
... Adolescence: Relevance for the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis ...
Self Assessment Chapter 14 - CM
... • ANS motor neurons do not directly innervate their target like somatic motors neurons; require a two-neuron circuit (Figure 14.2b): • Preganglionic neuron – initial efferent neuron; cell body resides within CNS; all axons release acetylcholine • Postganglionic neuron – cell body resides in autonomi ...
... • ANS motor neurons do not directly innervate their target like somatic motors neurons; require a two-neuron circuit (Figure 14.2b): • Preganglionic neuron – initial efferent neuron; cell body resides within CNS; all axons release acetylcholine • Postganglionic neuron – cell body resides in autonomi ...
Muscle Coordination 1 Changes in Muscle Coordination with
... at which the task could be performed in an accurate and stable fashion (6). Are such changes in the stability of behaviour mediated by trained induced alterations in the efficiency with which motor actions are generated? One direct consequence of resistance training appears to be an increase in the ...
... at which the task could be performed in an accurate and stable fashion (6). Are such changes in the stability of behaviour mediated by trained induced alterations in the efficiency with which motor actions are generated? One direct consequence of resistance training appears to be an increase in the ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... lines. Head movement information is carried by the vestibular nerve to neurons in the vestibular nucleus. These neurons then excite ocular motoneurons to drive compensatory eye movements. VOR plasticity involves a cerebellar circuit in which head movement information is transmitted to granule cells ...
... lines. Head movement information is carried by the vestibular nerve to neurons in the vestibular nucleus. These neurons then excite ocular motoneurons to drive compensatory eye movements. VOR plasticity involves a cerebellar circuit in which head movement information is transmitted to granule cells ...
to a of the units.
... In the Clay Brain lesson, students learn more about the brain and its major structures. The average adult brain weighs about 3 pounds (1300-1400 grams). Like snowflakes, no two human brains are exactly alike, although they do have common structures and configurations. Brain size doesn’t equal intell ...
... In the Clay Brain lesson, students learn more about the brain and its major structures. The average adult brain weighs about 3 pounds (1300-1400 grams). Like snowflakes, no two human brains are exactly alike, although they do have common structures and configurations. Brain size doesn’t equal intell ...
influences of the glial environment on the
... Chang & Bloodworth, 1977) demonstrated the reinnervation of peripheral nerve segments grafted into the spinal cord, it remained to be determined whether any axons within these grafts were derived from intrinsic spinal neurones or if all were the result of regrowth from neighbouring spinal roots (Sug ...
... Chang & Bloodworth, 1977) demonstrated the reinnervation of peripheral nerve segments grafted into the spinal cord, it remained to be determined whether any axons within these grafts were derived from intrinsic spinal neurones or if all were the result of regrowth from neighbouring spinal roots (Sug ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is probably one of the best studied nuclei in the mammalian brain. The system is studied so well because the synapses found in this nucleus, the so-called calyces of Held, are extraordinarily big compared to almost all other synapses. Therefore, they a ...
... The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is probably one of the best studied nuclei in the mammalian brain. The system is studied so well because the synapses found in this nucleus, the so-called calyces of Held, are extraordinarily big compared to almost all other synapses. Therefore, they a ...
PDF
... young rats, and the anterolateral subfield of mature rats, but solid columns, with cell dense cores, are typical of the main posteromedial field in rats (Rice, 1995). Variability is not reported for other columnar systems of connections, but this is likely because many of the systems are harder to v ...
... young rats, and the anterolateral subfield of mature rats, but solid columns, with cell dense cores, are typical of the main posteromedial field in rats (Rice, 1995). Variability is not reported for other columnar systems of connections, but this is likely because many of the systems are harder to v ...
Article - Leslie Vosshall - The Rockefeller University
... Drosophila modulates the physiology of glomerular circuitry on short time scales (Yu et al., 2004). In honeybee workers, the volume of a few identified glomeruli correlates with and is modulated by foraging experience outside the confines of the hive (Winnington et al., 1996). Previous studies in Dr ...
... Drosophila modulates the physiology of glomerular circuitry on short time scales (Yu et al., 2004). In honeybee workers, the volume of a few identified glomeruli correlates with and is modulated by foraging experience outside the confines of the hive (Winnington et al., 1996). Previous studies in Dr ...
Confidence-Related Decision Making
... attractor neural network implementing a decision-making process. The first module is designed to make a perceptual decision (odor classification). We will refer to it as the decisionmaking (first) network. The second module, which receives inputs from the decision-making network, “decides” whether t ...
... attractor neural network implementing a decision-making process. The first module is designed to make a perceptual decision (odor classification). We will refer to it as the decisionmaking (first) network. The second module, which receives inputs from the decision-making network, “decides” whether t ...
Jennifer Ichida
... feedback to different layers of the primate lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). 658.18. 2002 Abstracts Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience. CD-ROM Shostak Y, Ichida JM, Casagrande VA (2002) Do primate corticogeniculate axons synapse primarily with excitatory relay cells ...
... feedback to different layers of the primate lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). 658.18. 2002 Abstracts Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience. CD-ROM Shostak Y, Ichida JM, Casagrande VA (2002) Do primate corticogeniculate axons synapse primarily with excitatory relay cells ...
Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an
... the position of each labeled cell body. Therefore, we only needed to image with sufficient resolution to distinguish every cell body throughout the brain (Figure 2C). This resulted in ~2Tb of image data from each brain, allowing us to image many brains, whereas imaging with even 2x higher magnificat ...
... the position of each labeled cell body. Therefore, we only needed to image with sufficient resolution to distinguish every cell body throughout the brain (Figure 2C). This resulted in ~2Tb of image data from each brain, allowing us to image many brains, whereas imaging with even 2x higher magnificat ...
Probabilistic models for spike trains of single neurons
... deviation and the mean) is smaller than 1, then the SS of the TRRP model is larger than 1. This does not apply, however, for mIMI models, which can also have a relatively narrow distribution of ISIs. We interpret these results and discuss their implications in section 8. In the second half of the pa ...
... deviation and the mean) is smaller than 1, then the SS of the TRRP model is larger than 1. This does not apply, however, for mIMI models, which can also have a relatively narrow distribution of ISIs. We interpret these results and discuss their implications in section 8. In the second half of the pa ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.