An Integrate-and-fire Model of Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity during Performance of Goal-directed
... Previous models of frontal cortex function have used neurons with sigmoid input--output functions which represent firing of populations of neurons (Cohen and Servan-Schreiber, 1992; O’Reilly and Munakata, 2000). In order to model the patterns of spiking activity more directly during behavioral tasks, ...
... Previous models of frontal cortex function have used neurons with sigmoid input--output functions which represent firing of populations of neurons (Cohen and Servan-Schreiber, 1992; O’Reilly and Munakata, 2000). In order to model the patterns of spiking activity more directly during behavioral tasks, ...
Stereoscopic Mechanisms in Monkey Visual Cortex: Binocular
... The brain utilizes the signalsfrom the 2 eyes to recover the relative depth of objects.Wheatstone (1838) first demonstrated that a difference, or disparity, in the relative horizontal position of the object’s imagesin the 2 eyescan generatean impression of depth and solidity. Julesz(1960, 1971)later ...
... The brain utilizes the signalsfrom the 2 eyes to recover the relative depth of objects.Wheatstone (1838) first demonstrated that a difference, or disparity, in the relative horizontal position of the object’s imagesin the 2 eyescan generatean impression of depth and solidity. Julesz(1960, 1971)later ...
Afferents of dopamine neurons
... Also innervate striatal interneurons Actions mediated through at least two classes of receptors ...
... Also innervate striatal interneurons Actions mediated through at least two classes of receptors ...
Respiratory system lab
... the olfactory epithelium does have numerous glands. These are the rather specialized serous glands (Bowman's glands) that provide a fluid to wash away old odors. One of their distinctive structural characteristics is that their ducts enlarge just under the surface epithelium. Olfactory epithelium is ...
... the olfactory epithelium does have numerous glands. These are the rather specialized serous glands (Bowman's glands) that provide a fluid to wash away old odors. One of their distinctive structural characteristics is that their ducts enlarge just under the surface epithelium. Olfactory epithelium is ...
Nervous System I
... • Resting or Membrane Potential: a small difference in voltage across the cell membrane; the cell is normally negatively charged. – This allows the neuron to be ready to respond more quickly than it could if it were electrically neutral. – Think about a car battery. It retains a charge so that the c ...
... • Resting or Membrane Potential: a small difference in voltage across the cell membrane; the cell is normally negatively charged. – This allows the neuron to be ready to respond more quickly than it could if it were electrically neutral. – Think about a car battery. It retains a charge so that the c ...
α3β1 integrin modulates neuronal migration and placement during
... impaired in α3 integrin null cells (Fig. 5). The rate of polymerization or depolymerization of actin microspikes within a 1000 µm2 area at the leading edge was measured over time. In wild-type cells, actin microspike elongation or retraction occurred at a rate of 1.27±0.06 µm/minute (n=51), whereas ...
... impaired in α3 integrin null cells (Fig. 5). The rate of polymerization or depolymerization of actin microspikes within a 1000 µm2 area at the leading edge was measured over time. In wild-type cells, actin microspike elongation or retraction occurred at a rate of 1.27±0.06 µm/minute (n=51), whereas ...
What are brain and spinal cord cancers?
... tumours). A tumour can be benign or malignant, sometimes it is difficult to tell the difference between them. Benign tumours usually have slow-growing cells and clear borders (margins) and they rarely spread. However they may be found in essential areas of the brain that control vital life functions ...
... tumours). A tumour can be benign or malignant, sometimes it is difficult to tell the difference between them. Benign tumours usually have slow-growing cells and clear borders (margins) and they rarely spread. However they may be found in essential areas of the brain that control vital life functions ...
Decoding Motor Commands in Cortico-Basal Ganglia Circuits for the
... The BehaviourGUI toolbox allows data to be synchronised so several data sets (such as a video recording and computed velocity) easily can be analysed simultaneously. This is of great help when trying to find when the rat is moving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A perievent time his ...
... The BehaviourGUI toolbox allows data to be synchronised so several data sets (such as a video recording and computed velocity) easily can be analysed simultaneously. This is of great help when trying to find when the rat is moving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A perievent time his ...
Extracellular Matrix Molecules and Cell Adhesion Molecules Induce
... The availability of purified CAMs that induce neurite growth allows a test of the generality of this C kinase result. H7 does not prevent the growth of neurites induced by Con A in CG neurons, suggesting that C kinase function is not required for the cytoskeletal rearrangements accompanying axon gro ...
... The availability of purified CAMs that induce neurite growth allows a test of the generality of this C kinase result. H7 does not prevent the growth of neurites induced by Con A in CG neurons, suggesting that C kinase function is not required for the cytoskeletal rearrangements accompanying axon gro ...
Long?Term, Stable Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell
... were purchased from the National Cancer Institute. All surgical procedures conformed to protocols approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and were carried out by using gas anesthesia (enflurane:oxygen:nitrous oxide ¼ 1:33:66) and aseptic methods. NPs we ...
... were purchased from the National Cancer Institute. All surgical procedures conformed to protocols approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and were carried out by using gas anesthesia (enflurane:oxygen:nitrous oxide ¼ 1:33:66) and aseptic methods. NPs we ...
Biophysical Properties and Responses to Neurotransmitters of
... obtained between 30 min and 3 h after plating. The petri dish containing the neurons was mounted on the stage of an inverted microscope equipped with epifluorescence and Hoffman modulation optics. Fluorogold-labeled neurons were identified by fluorescence with an exposure of sufficient length to ide ...
... obtained between 30 min and 3 h after plating. The petri dish containing the neurons was mounted on the stage of an inverted microscope equipped with epifluorescence and Hoffman modulation optics. Fluorogold-labeled neurons were identified by fluorescence with an exposure of sufficient length to ide ...
Ch - Humble ISD
... L - language; dominate the control of hand movements like _________; & logic (math) ...
... L - language; dominate the control of hand movements like _________; & logic (math) ...
Parkinson`s Disease storyboard
... • As can be seen from previous studies, DA tone begins to fall after about an 80% loss of DA neurons. At that same point, PKD symptoms begin to become visible. Scientists were not surprised to find a correlation between these factors. What did surprise them was the large percentage of DA neurons and ...
... • As can be seen from previous studies, DA tone begins to fall after about an 80% loss of DA neurons. At that same point, PKD symptoms begin to become visible. Scientists were not surprised to find a correlation between these factors. What did surprise them was the large percentage of DA neurons and ...
Anterograde amnesia
... – The suggests evidence that different neurons have different spatial receptive fields (i.e. they responded when the animals were in different locations) – these neurons were named place cells – When placed on a circular platform that is rotated slowly within a larger chamber, rats will ignore local ...
... – The suggests evidence that different neurons have different spatial receptive fields (i.e. they responded when the animals were in different locations) – these neurons were named place cells – When placed on a circular platform that is rotated slowly within a larger chamber, rats will ignore local ...
Chapter 14
... – The suggests evidence that different neurons have different spatial receptive fields (i.e. they responded when the animals were in different locations) – these neurons were named place cells – When placed on a circular platform that is rotated slowly within a larger chamber, rats will ignore local ...
... – The suggests evidence that different neurons have different spatial receptive fields (i.e. they responded when the animals were in different locations) – these neurons were named place cells – When placed on a circular platform that is rotated slowly within a larger chamber, rats will ignore local ...
Brainstem: neural networks vital for life
... to brainstem circuitry By the use of molecular techniques, one can determine which genes are responsible for creating the rhombomeric segments of the brainstem, each of which has a separate identity, properties and physiological functions (Champagnat et al. 2009). This in turn clarifies the organiza ...
... to brainstem circuitry By the use of molecular techniques, one can determine which genes are responsible for creating the rhombomeric segments of the brainstem, each of which has a separate identity, properties and physiological functions (Champagnat et al. 2009). This in turn clarifies the organiza ...
CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE: NEUROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS S
... Feeding behaviour is critical for survival. Food is necessary to provide most body’s macro- and micronutrients. Food is also required to cover the cellular energetic needs necessary for life. Energetic needs are continuous, they serve to supply metabolism at rest, and variable energy expenditures su ...
... Feeding behaviour is critical for survival. Food is necessary to provide most body’s macro- and micronutrients. Food is also required to cover the cellular energetic needs necessary for life. Energetic needs are continuous, they serve to supply metabolism at rest, and variable energy expenditures su ...
On the relevance of time in neural computation and learning
... The restriction of wu; v to non-negative values (in combination with positive or negative response functions u; v (t − s)) is motivated by the assumption that a biological synapse is either “excitatory” or “inhibitory”, and that it does not change its “sign” in the course of a “learning-process”. I ...
... The restriction of wu; v to non-negative values (in combination with positive or negative response functions u; v (t − s)) is motivated by the assumption that a biological synapse is either “excitatory” or “inhibitory”, and that it does not change its “sign” in the course of a “learning-process”. I ...
Evidence for a modulatory effect of sulbutiamine on
... induced by sulbutiamine. Thus, the changes in density of kainate receptor in the cortex lead to suggest that sulbutiamine and/or its metabolites may modulate the cortical glutamatergic transmission. In fact, the rapid decrease observed immediately following a single injection suggests a direct effec ...
... induced by sulbutiamine. Thus, the changes in density of kainate receptor in the cortex lead to suggest that sulbutiamine and/or its metabolites may modulate the cortical glutamatergic transmission. In fact, the rapid decrease observed immediately following a single injection suggests a direct effec ...
Central nervous system
... action of the neurotransmitter to open the ionic channels in postsynaptic membrane. ...
... action of the neurotransmitter to open the ionic channels in postsynaptic membrane. ...
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
... the AN to the wait state. The AN encodes the CS–US associations by making CS triggered transitions to the state that represents the value of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bia ...
... the AN to the wait state. The AN encodes the CS–US associations by making CS triggered transitions to the state that represents the value of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bia ...
Orexin (Hypocretin)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Cat Hypothalamus
... intake and that the expression of orexin mRNA is increased by food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, ...
... intake and that the expression of orexin mRNA is increased by food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.