Orexin (Hypocretin)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Cat Hypothalamus
... intake and that the expression of orexin mRNA is increased by food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, ...
... intake and that the expression of orexin mRNA is increased by food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, ...
The Motor Cortex and Descending Control of Movement
... terminate within multiple segments of the spinal cord. These features collectively show that outputs from the PMRF have the potential to influence multiple motoneuron pools and subsequently numerous different muscles. The traditional view is that the RST is largely concerned with control of proximal ...
... terminate within multiple segments of the spinal cord. These features collectively show that outputs from the PMRF have the potential to influence multiple motoneuron pools and subsequently numerous different muscles. The traditional view is that the RST is largely concerned with control of proximal ...
Temporary inhibition of AMPA receptors induces a prolonged improvement
... children, with an incidence as high as one in 12,500 live births, and with about 440,000 carriers in the USA (Cooper, 2003; Goebel, 1995; Rider and Rider, 1997). Traditionally, different subtypes of Batten disease were categorized based on the onset and clinical course of the disease, but the differ ...
... children, with an incidence as high as one in 12,500 live births, and with about 440,000 carriers in the USA (Cooper, 2003; Goebel, 1995; Rider and Rider, 1997). Traditionally, different subtypes of Batten disease were categorized based on the onset and clinical course of the disease, but the differ ...
multispectral labeling technique to map many neighboring axonal
... could also delineate projections of many axons simultaneously in the mouse central nervous system. ...
... could also delineate projections of many axons simultaneously in the mouse central nervous system. ...
Nervenkitt: Notes on the history of the concept of neuroglia
... really? I have shown these drawings to six neuroanatomists (some trained in the United States, some in Europe) without revealing the source or the author’s intent. One of my consultants wondered whether they were glia or neurons, all others concluded that they were nerve cells of one sort or another ...
... really? I have shown these drawings to six neuroanatomists (some trained in the United States, some in Europe) without revealing the source or the author’s intent. One of my consultants wondered whether they were glia or neurons, all others concluded that they were nerve cells of one sort or another ...
Physiological and Morphological Analysis of Synaptic Transmission
... that cell I contacts cell II directly and not via an intermedicate cell I’) is often difficult by conventional physiological criteria when the pathway involves only impulse-mediated transmission (Berry and Pentreath, 1976); these difficulties are compounded when the synaptic connection of concern in ...
... that cell I contacts cell II directly and not via an intermedicate cell I’) is often difficult by conventional physiological criteria when the pathway involves only impulse-mediated transmission (Berry and Pentreath, 1976); these difficulties are compounded when the synaptic connection of concern in ...
Spinal Cord - Mesa Community College
... Posterior white column - has ascending tracts only Lateral white column - has both ascending and descending tracts Anterior white column - has both ascending and descending tracts Anterior white commissure Posterior white commissure Nerves Nerves – bundles of axons in the PNS (Fig 13.5) Surrounded b ...
... Posterior white column - has ascending tracts only Lateral white column - has both ascending and descending tracts Anterior white column - has both ascending and descending tracts Anterior white commissure Posterior white commissure Nerves Nerves – bundles of axons in the PNS (Fig 13.5) Surrounded b ...
ppt
... • The caveat: (1) Individual neurons are usually studied in isolation, thus giving a limited picture of how neuronal populations give rise to sensation, behaviour or other complex brain processes. (2) The responses of single cells to external stimuli are often averaged over several trials to reduce ...
... • The caveat: (1) Individual neurons are usually studied in isolation, thus giving a limited picture of how neuronal populations give rise to sensation, behaviour or other complex brain processes. (2) The responses of single cells to external stimuli are often averaged over several trials to reduce ...
02 The Visual System
... II. Hierarchy of complex receptive fields A. Retinal ganglion cells: Center-surround structure, Sensitive to contrast, and wavelength of light B. Striate cortex: Orientation selectivity, direction selectivity, and binocularity C. Extrastriate cortical areas: Selective responsive to complex shapes; e ...
... II. Hierarchy of complex receptive fields A. Retinal ganglion cells: Center-surround structure, Sensitive to contrast, and wavelength of light B. Striate cortex: Orientation selectivity, direction selectivity, and binocularity C. Extrastriate cortical areas: Selective responsive to complex shapes; e ...
The Neurobiology of Cricket Song
... From the work of many laboratories, including our own at the University of California at Berkeley and at Cornell University, it is known that the nerve networks needed for generating the songs of crickets are closely allied to those involved in flight. Both systems de velop in stages as the cricket ...
... From the work of many laboratories, including our own at the University of California at Berkeley and at Cornell University, it is known that the nerve networks needed for generating the songs of crickets are closely allied to those involved in flight. Both systems de velop in stages as the cricket ...
A High-Efficiency Protein Transduction System Demonstrating the
... underlying the neuronal plasticity and electrophysiology of neurons, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), have been performed using acute brain slices (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993; Bourne and Nicoll, 1993; Bear and Malenka, 1994; Steven and Sullivan, 1998). Because o ...
... underlying the neuronal plasticity and electrophysiology of neurons, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), have been performed using acute brain slices (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993; Bourne and Nicoll, 1993; Bear and Malenka, 1994; Steven and Sullivan, 1998). Because o ...
The Basal Ganglia and Chunking of Action Repertoires
... Why should this form of remapping promote an S–R learning function for the striatum (basal ganglia) rather than an S–S or context learning function (thought to be the specialty of the hippocampal/medial temporal system) (Eichenbaum, 1995)? At the systems level, one answer is that the outputs of the ...
... Why should this form of remapping promote an S–R learning function for the striatum (basal ganglia) rather than an S–S or context learning function (thought to be the specialty of the hippocampal/medial temporal system) (Eichenbaum, 1995)? At the systems level, one answer is that the outputs of the ...
Understanding the Cortex Through Grid Cells
... earlier stages of processing, in the retina and in the thalamus. Hubel and Wiesel showed that cells with different orientation preferences, or different preferences for inputs from the left and right eyes, were organized in columns of cells with similar functional properties. These findings pointed ...
... earlier stages of processing, in the retina and in the thalamus. Hubel and Wiesel showed that cells with different orientation preferences, or different preferences for inputs from the left and right eyes, were organized in columns of cells with similar functional properties. These findings pointed ...
Spike sorting: the overlapping spikes challenge
... with rising number of signal channels especially under conditions with high noise amplitudes and a high number of neurons. Due to the fact that neurons produce spikes with stereotypic shapes the waveforms can be quite similar. The use of multichannel electrodes leads to a greater dissimilarity due t ...
... with rising number of signal channels especially under conditions with high noise amplitudes and a high number of neurons. Due to the fact that neurons produce spikes with stereotypic shapes the waveforms can be quite similar. The use of multichannel electrodes leads to a greater dissimilarity due t ...
IBRO 2008
... currently performing electrophysiological recordings to establish how synaptic function changes after chronic silencing. As well as silencing single cells, we are also controlling the activity of individual neurons through the use of the light-activated channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). Using a cus ...
... currently performing electrophysiological recordings to establish how synaptic function changes after chronic silencing. As well as silencing single cells, we are also controlling the activity of individual neurons through the use of the light-activated channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). Using a cus ...
The Relationship Between Synchronization Among Neuronal
... our models, rate coding and synchrony coding in neural systems with reciprocal interconnections are two perspectives on the same underlying dynamic. This suggests that in the absence of specic mechanisms decoupling changes in synchronization from ring levels, indexes of brain activity that are bas ...
... our models, rate coding and synchrony coding in neural systems with reciprocal interconnections are two perspectives on the same underlying dynamic. This suggests that in the absence of specic mechanisms decoupling changes in synchronization from ring levels, indexes of brain activity that are bas ...
9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience MIT OpenCourseWare Fall 2007
... Lower motor neurons • ventral horn of spinal cord • motor nuclei of brainstem • send axons to muscles – spinal and cranial nerves ...
... Lower motor neurons • ventral horn of spinal cord • motor nuclei of brainstem • send axons to muscles – spinal and cranial nerves ...
membrane potential
... Average number of neurons in the human brain= 100 billion Average number of neurons in an octopus brain= 300 billion Velocity of a signal transmitted through a neuron= 1.2 to 250 mi./hr. After age 30, the brain begins to lose about 50,000 neurons per day shrinking the brain ¼ % each year. The brain ...
... Average number of neurons in the human brain= 100 billion Average number of neurons in an octopus brain= 300 billion Velocity of a signal transmitted through a neuron= 1.2 to 250 mi./hr. After age 30, the brain begins to lose about 50,000 neurons per day shrinking the brain ¼ % each year. The brain ...
Cough, Expiration and Aspiration Reflexes following
... Shannon et al. (1998, 2000). According to this model neuronal circuitries of the Respiratory Central Pattern Generator can also produce the cough motor pattern. However, the possibility that other brainstem circuits overlapping the main respiratory networks may also participate has not been excluded ...
... Shannon et al. (1998, 2000). According to this model neuronal circuitries of the Respiratory Central Pattern Generator can also produce the cough motor pattern. However, the possibility that other brainstem circuits overlapping the main respiratory networks may also participate has not been excluded ...
Prefrontal Neurons Coding Suppression of Specific Saccades
... tients with frontal lobe damage. Despite the clinical importance of suppression, most studies of the frontal lobe (e.g., Hasegawa et al., 1998, 2000a, 2004) in monkeys have dealt with the generation of movement rather than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the supp ...
... tients with frontal lobe damage. Despite the clinical importance of suppression, most studies of the frontal lobe (e.g., Hasegawa et al., 1998, 2000a, 2004) in monkeys have dealt with the generation of movement rather than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the supp ...
Ch33 nervous system reading essentials
... myelin sheath. The myelin sheath, however, has many gaps called nodes. The ions reach the cell’s plasma membrane at the nodes. The action potential jumps from node to node, increasing speed as it moves along the axon. Some neurons in the human body have a myelin sheath, and other neurons are not pro ...
... myelin sheath. The myelin sheath, however, has many gaps called nodes. The ions reach the cell’s plasma membrane at the nodes. The action potential jumps from node to node, increasing speed as it moves along the axon. Some neurons in the human body have a myelin sheath, and other neurons are not pro ...
RL 19 - School of Informatics
... and prefrontal cortex) by rewarding experiences such as food, sex, drugs, and neutral stimuli that become associated with them Dopamine is closely associated with reward-seeking behaviours, such as approach, consumption, and addiction. Recent research suggests that the firing of dopaminergic neurons ...
... and prefrontal cortex) by rewarding experiences such as food, sex, drugs, and neutral stimuli that become associated with them Dopamine is closely associated with reward-seeking behaviours, such as approach, consumption, and addiction. Recent research suggests that the firing of dopaminergic neurons ...
Dscam and DSCAM: complex genes in simple animals, complex
... splice variants is spatially and temporally regulated, the extent of this regulation for specific cells and specific developmental time points is currently not known. More importantly, it is not known whether a bias in alternative splicing is at all relevant for in vivo functions. One particularly i ...
... splice variants is spatially and temporally regulated, the extent of this regulation for specific cells and specific developmental time points is currently not known. More importantly, it is not known whether a bias in alternative splicing is at all relevant for in vivo functions. One particularly i ...
Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurons to cervical input after
... attributed to a sensitization of central nociceptive neurons with an increased excitability to afferent input. We investigated if noxious dural stimulation evokes sensitization of second-order neurons that leads to an increased responsiveness to stimulation of cervical afferents. Recordings were mad ...
... attributed to a sensitization of central nociceptive neurons with an increased excitability to afferent input. We investigated if noxious dural stimulation evokes sensitization of second-order neurons that leads to an increased responsiveness to stimulation of cervical afferents. Recordings were mad ...
14132.full - Explore Bristol Research
... forward sensory information to the cerebellum via spino-olivo-cerebellar pathways (nociceptive signals are reduced while proprioceptive signals are enhanced); (2) alterations in cerebellar nuclear output as revealed by changes in expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity; and (3) regulation of spinal ...
... forward sensory information to the cerebellum via spino-olivo-cerebellar pathways (nociceptive signals are reduced while proprioceptive signals are enhanced); (2) alterations in cerebellar nuclear output as revealed by changes in expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity; and (3) regulation of spinal ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.