Now you see it: frontal eye field responses to invisible targets
... SOA so that when the target was actually present, the monkeys only made saccades on about half the trials. The beauty of this approach is that an identical visual stimulus can be examined under conditions in which the stimulus does or does not reach perceptual awareness—assuming that the animals mus ...
... SOA so that when the target was actually present, the monkeys only made saccades on about half the trials. The beauty of this approach is that an identical visual stimulus can be examined under conditions in which the stimulus does or does not reach perceptual awareness—assuming that the animals mus ...
Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
... generated during corticogenesis? Insights from years of study in the spinal cord and retina provide models for how a diversity of neuronal types can be generated11,12. Within the neocortex, some of the basic mechanisms that control general neuronal specification, migration and connectivity during de ...
... generated during corticogenesis? Insights from years of study in the spinal cord and retina provide models for how a diversity of neuronal types can be generated11,12. Within the neocortex, some of the basic mechanisms that control general neuronal specification, migration and connectivity during de ...
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based
... Actin, spectrin and associated molecules form a periodic, sub-membrane cytoskeleton in the axons of neurons. For a better understanding of this membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS), it is important to address how prevalent this structure is in different neuronal types, different subcellular c ...
... Actin, spectrin and associated molecules form a periodic, sub-membrane cytoskeleton in the axons of neurons. For a better understanding of this membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS), it is important to address how prevalent this structure is in different neuronal types, different subcellular c ...
Lesson Overview
... More-cephalized invertebrates have specialized sensory tissues and well-developed sense organs. Some cephalopods, like the octopus have complex eyes that detect motion and color and form images. The compound eyes of mosquitoes detect minute changes in movement and color but produce less-detailed ...
... More-cephalized invertebrates have specialized sensory tissues and well-developed sense organs. Some cephalopods, like the octopus have complex eyes that detect motion and color and form images. The compound eyes of mosquitoes detect minute changes in movement and color but produce less-detailed ...
Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
... Jalapeno and cayenne peppers were crucial in helping scientists understand how sensory cells detect temperature. ○ Hot peppers taste “hot” because they contain a natural product called capsaicin. ○ Exposing sensory neurons to capsaicin triggers an influx of calcium. ○ The receptor protein that binds ...
... Jalapeno and cayenne peppers were crucial in helping scientists understand how sensory cells detect temperature. ○ Hot peppers taste “hot” because they contain a natural product called capsaicin. ○ Exposing sensory neurons to capsaicin triggers an influx of calcium. ○ The receptor protein that binds ...
Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell
... Cell lines with the ability to differentiate into all types of somatic and germ cells represent a pluripotent developmental stage that transiently exists in vivo in the epiblast cells of the pre-implantation embryo. Given the lack of access to human neurons, together with the limited numbers and het ...
... Cell lines with the ability to differentiate into all types of somatic and germ cells represent a pluripotent developmental stage that transiently exists in vivo in the epiblast cells of the pre-implantation embryo. Given the lack of access to human neurons, together with the limited numbers and het ...
The Pathology of the Spinal Cord in Progressive
... cord. The overall structure of the lamina varies according to the different levels examined; its size is larger in the cervical and lumbar enlargements and smaller throughout the whole thoracic cord in which the horn has a dorso-ventral orientation. At both cervical and lumbar levels, lamina IX is d ...
... cord. The overall structure of the lamina varies according to the different levels examined; its size is larger in the cervical and lumbar enlargements and smaller throughout the whole thoracic cord in which the horn has a dorso-ventral orientation. At both cervical and lumbar levels, lamina IX is d ...
General Physiology
... equal, they are said to be isotonic • If solution A has a greater osmotic pressure than solution B, A is said to be hypertonic to B • If solution A has a less osmotic pressure than solution B, A is said to be hypotonic to B ...
... equal, they are said to be isotonic • If solution A has a greater osmotic pressure than solution B, A is said to be hypertonic to B • If solution A has a less osmotic pressure than solution B, A is said to be hypotonic to B ...
I. Introduction
... a. Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel along _______________________________________________ to synapse with neurons in the ________________________________________________ b. The olfactory bulbs function to _________________________________ c. From olfactory bulbs, impuls ...
... a. Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel along _______________________________________________ to synapse with neurons in the ________________________________________________ b. The olfactory bulbs function to _________________________________ c. From olfactory bulbs, impuls ...
Saccade-induced activity of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus X
... latencies to electrical pulse stimulation of the optic chiasm was measured. Second, the random-square pattern was switched on and off for 1 s each to record transient and sustained responses. Examples of neuronal responses to pattern on or off are given in Figs. 3 and 4. Third, responses to fast mov ...
... latencies to electrical pulse stimulation of the optic chiasm was measured. Second, the random-square pattern was switched on and off for 1 s each to record transient and sustained responses. Examples of neuronal responses to pattern on or off are given in Figs. 3 and 4. Third, responses to fast mov ...
Pathways for emotions and memory
... of projections to the AM nucleus from all prefrontal cortices, as well as from temporal structures and the hypothalamic mammillary body, known for their role in distinct aspects of memory and emotion. We addressed this issue with targeted injections of retrograde fluorescent tracers in the AM nucleu ...
... of projections to the AM nucleus from all prefrontal cortices, as well as from temporal structures and the hypothalamic mammillary body, known for their role in distinct aspects of memory and emotion. We addressed this issue with targeted injections of retrograde fluorescent tracers in the AM nucleu ...
Functional and comparative assessments of the octopus learning
... (39). This issue remains to be clarified in a more detailed study. However, if these findings hold, they are most significant, because NMDA-like currents have been discovered in the chromatophore muscle cells of squid (42) and NMDA-like immunoreactivity has also been reported in the brains of cuttle ...
... (39). This issue remains to be clarified in a more detailed study. However, if these findings hold, they are most significant, because NMDA-like currents have been discovered in the chromatophore muscle cells of squid (42) and NMDA-like immunoreactivity has also been reported in the brains of cuttle ...
Development of Subcellular mRNA Compartmentation in
... of particular mRNAs into dendrites, which together create the capacity for local synthesis of particular proteins, play a key role in establishing the molecular domains that allow dendrites to function as they do. Given the fact that RNA sorting and transport mechanisms are such prominent features o ...
... of particular mRNAs into dendrites, which together create the capacity for local synthesis of particular proteins, play a key role in establishing the molecular domains that allow dendrites to function as they do. Given the fact that RNA sorting and transport mechanisms are such prominent features o ...
Neural Control of Interappendage Phase During Locomotion
... Xeurobiology Unit at the University of California at San Diego provided support from 1969-1971. Dr. Donald Kennedy of the Department of Biology at Stanford University provided support from 19661969. ...
... Xeurobiology Unit at the University of California at San Diego provided support from 1969-1971. Dr. Donald Kennedy of the Department of Biology at Stanford University provided support from 19661969. ...
Perception of Motion, Depth, and Form
... N vISIoN,AS IN orHERmental oPerations, we exPerrence the world as a whole. Independent attributesmotion, depth, form, and color-are coordinated into a single visual image. In the two Previous chapters we began to consider how two parallel Pathways-the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways, that e ...
... N vISIoN,AS IN orHERmental oPerations, we exPerrence the world as a whole. Independent attributesmotion, depth, form, and color-are coordinated into a single visual image. In the two Previous chapters we began to consider how two parallel Pathways-the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways, that e ...
In VivoCalcium Imaging Reveals Functional Rewiring of Single
... (Stosiek et al., 2003; Garaschuk et al., 2006). Wherever possible, microinjections of OGB-1 were made into both cFL- and cHL-responsive regions, as identified by the poststroke IOS response map. Subsequent to OGB-1 AM injection, the cortex was incubated with sulforhodamine 101 (SR101; Sigma-Aldrich) ...
... (Stosiek et al., 2003; Garaschuk et al., 2006). Wherever possible, microinjections of OGB-1 were made into both cFL- and cHL-responsive regions, as identified by the poststroke IOS response map. Subsequent to OGB-1 AM injection, the cortex was incubated with sulforhodamine 101 (SR101; Sigma-Aldrich) ...
Module 4 SG - HallquistCPHS.com
... charged ions outside the cell. 12. In order to trigger a neural impulse, ...
... charged ions outside the cell. 12. In order to trigger a neural impulse, ...
Temporal and spatial alterations in GPi neuronal encoding might
... reward of fruit juice. The recording protocol began once animals achieved a 90% success rate. During each recording session, at least 15 trials were carried out, during which muscle activity (EMG) was recorded using intramuscular electrodes acutely inserted into the deltoid, extensor and flexor carpi ...
... reward of fruit juice. The recording protocol began once animals achieved a 90% success rate. During each recording session, at least 15 trials were carried out, during which muscle activity (EMG) was recorded using intramuscular electrodes acutely inserted into the deltoid, extensor and flexor carpi ...
6419982_1441921514
... Since the plasma membrane is more permeable to K+ than to any other cation, K+ accumulates within the cell more than the others as a result of its electrical attraction for the fixed anions. So, instead of being evenly distributed between the intracellular and extracellular compartments, K+ becomes ...
... Since the plasma membrane is more permeable to K+ than to any other cation, K+ accumulates within the cell more than the others as a result of its electrical attraction for the fixed anions. So, instead of being evenly distributed between the intracellular and extracellular compartments, K+ becomes ...
Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate
... long-projecting GABAergic neurons in the mPFC and tested whether these projections to the NAcc can modulate behavior. The authors identified cortical GABAergic projections by infusing a viral vector containing channelrhodopsin (AAVDIO-ChR2-EYFP) into the mPFC of Dlxi12b-Cre mice to selectively targe ...
... long-projecting GABAergic neurons in the mPFC and tested whether these projections to the NAcc can modulate behavior. The authors identified cortical GABAergic projections by infusing a viral vector containing channelrhodopsin (AAVDIO-ChR2-EYFP) into the mPFC of Dlxi12b-Cre mice to selectively targe ...
The Deferred Event Model for Hardware-Oriented Spiking
... Real dynamic properties of neural networks allow us to relax the timing requirements dramatically. Most models, whether using temporal [3] or rate coding [4], [5], assume that the spike timing irrespective of shape determines the information coding. A typical active neuron fires at ∼10-20 Hz up to a ...
... Real dynamic properties of neural networks allow us to relax the timing requirements dramatically. Most models, whether using temporal [3] or rate coding [4], [5], assume that the spike timing irrespective of shape determines the information coding. A typical active neuron fires at ∼10-20 Hz up to a ...
A cellular mechanism for cortical associations: an organizing
... fine-scale architecture of the cortex, and is tightly controlled by local microcircuits of inhibitory neurons targeting subcellular compartments. This article explores the experimental evidence and the implications for how the cortex operates. Introduction The cortex remains an enigmatic structure, ...
... fine-scale architecture of the cortex, and is tightly controlled by local microcircuits of inhibitory neurons targeting subcellular compartments. This article explores the experimental evidence and the implications for how the cortex operates. Introduction The cortex remains an enigmatic structure, ...
Three Controversial Hypotheses Concerning Computation in the
... and primary sensory cortices can be explained by a unifying algorithmic basis, then we have progressed some way in validating the single-algorithm hypothesis. It would be particularly interesting if primary motor cortex could be so explained given its extensive connections to the cerebellar cortex a ...
... and primary sensory cortices can be explained by a unifying algorithmic basis, then we have progressed some way in validating the single-algorithm hypothesis. It would be particularly interesting if primary motor cortex could be so explained given its extensive connections to the cerebellar cortex a ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... Figure 1. Temporal estimation data from humans (A, B) or rats (C, D) using peak-interval timing procedures. In the peak-interval procedure used with humans, participants were instructed to watch as a blue square appeared on a computer screen and to be “aware” of the amount of time that passed (eithe ...
... Figure 1. Temporal estimation data from humans (A, B) or rats (C, D) using peak-interval timing procedures. In the peak-interval procedure used with humans, participants were instructed to watch as a blue square appeared on a computer screen and to be “aware” of the amount of time that passed (eithe ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.