Saccade-related activity of periaqueductal gray matter of the
... and superior colliculus send axons to the ipsilateral superior colliculus. Also, the PAG receives inputs from the fastigal nuclei7 which are related to oculomotor function.8 In this study, we have analyzed the activity of PAG cells in association with eye movements and compared it with the activity ...
... and superior colliculus send axons to the ipsilateral superior colliculus. Also, the PAG receives inputs from the fastigal nuclei7 which are related to oculomotor function.8 In this study, we have analyzed the activity of PAG cells in association with eye movements and compared it with the activity ...
Environmental Sensing and the Cellular Response
... Trieste is an ancient city on the Adriatic Sea where Italian, Germanic, and Slavic cultures intersect. Before it became part of a united Italy 50 years ago, the city was at various times under the sway of Rome, Venice, Austria, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Communist Yugoslavia. No wonder its people ...
... Trieste is an ancient city on the Adriatic Sea where Italian, Germanic, and Slavic cultures intersect. Before it became part of a united Italy 50 years ago, the city was at various times under the sway of Rome, Venice, Austria, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Communist Yugoslavia. No wonder its people ...
Hello. I`m Michael Farries, a graduate student of David Perkel. I have
... globus pallidus/GPe, entopeduclular nucleus/GPi, ventral pallidum). There are some differences, of course, as one must expect for lineages that have been separate for 300 million years. For example, the avian pallidum (PP) doesn’t seem to be divided into internal and external segments as it is in ma ...
... globus pallidus/GPe, entopeduclular nucleus/GPi, ventral pallidum). There are some differences, of course, as one must expect for lineages that have been separate for 300 million years. For example, the avian pallidum (PP) doesn’t seem to be divided into internal and external segments as it is in ma ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
... the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (lacZ) gene eutropically in orexin containing neurons (Sakurai et al., 1999). In the present study, we used the same human prepro-orexin gene fragment as the promoter to specifically express a toxic transgene only in orexin-containing neurons to selectively re ...
... the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (lacZ) gene eutropically in orexin containing neurons (Sakurai et al., 1999). In the present study, we used the same human prepro-orexin gene fragment as the promoter to specifically express a toxic transgene only in orexin-containing neurons to selectively re ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... and humans appear to lack them (Moore and Osen 1979). Some work (Brown et al. 1988) suggests that only the thick MOC axons form cochlear nucleus branches. Other studies (Ryan et al. 1990; Horvath et al. 2000), however, suggest branches from LOC neurons. Perhaps these differences arise from differen ...
... and humans appear to lack them (Moore and Osen 1979). Some work (Brown et al. 1988) suggests that only the thick MOC axons form cochlear nucleus branches. Other studies (Ryan et al. 1990; Horvath et al. 2000), however, suggest branches from LOC neurons. Perhaps these differences arise from differen ...
Distribution of GABA‐like immunoreactivity in the rat amygdaloid
... GABA-Li material. However, the pattern and location of The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the the neurons varied, as did their shapes, the density of their amygdaloid complex has been studied by using specific distribution, and the intensity of the staining in the anti-GABA antibodies ...
... GABA-Li material. However, the pattern and location of The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the the neurons varied, as did their shapes, the density of their amygdaloid complex has been studied by using specific distribution, and the intensity of the staining in the anti-GABA antibodies ...
Critical Time Window of Neuronal Cholesterol Synthesis during
... Departments of 1Neurogenetics and 2Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Physiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, South Korea, and 4Third Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physic ...
... Departments of 1Neurogenetics and 2Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Physiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, South Korea, and 4Third Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physic ...
Neural Networks
... In most cases the binary input data can be modified to bipolar data. However the form of the data can change the problem from one that is solvable to a problem that cannot be solved. Binary representation is also not as good as the bipolar if we want the net to generalize. i.e. to respond to input d ...
... In most cases the binary input data can be modified to bipolar data. However the form of the data can change the problem from one that is solvable to a problem that cannot be solved. Binary representation is also not as good as the bipolar if we want the net to generalize. i.e. to respond to input d ...
the functional properties of the light
... what are called associative functions, the neural mechanisms of those associations are still unclear. The second general concept is that the inferior parietal lobule is a higher order processing area of the visual system, for it is known to receive convergent inputs from both the geniculostriate and ...
... what are called associative functions, the neural mechanisms of those associations are still unclear. The second general concept is that the inferior parietal lobule is a higher order processing area of the visual system, for it is known to receive convergent inputs from both the geniculostriate and ...
Early Neural Patterning •Neural induction
... -Retinoic acid is a biologically active derivative of vitamin A (potent at changing neural identity) -Gradient of RA is set up across rhombomeres -RA receptors are ligand-specific transcription factors which majorly targets the Hox family -Hox family = class of transcription factors that regulate de ...
... -Retinoic acid is a biologically active derivative of vitamin A (potent at changing neural identity) -Gradient of RA is set up across rhombomeres -RA receptors are ligand-specific transcription factors which majorly targets the Hox family -Hox family = class of transcription factors that regulate de ...
Introduction to Neuroglia
... There is no clear definition for neuroglia: most of the existing ones depict neuroglia as a supportive element of the nervous system For example: “The supportive tissue of the nervous system” http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ “sustentacular tissue that surrounds and supports neurons in the central n ...
... There is no clear definition for neuroglia: most of the existing ones depict neuroglia as a supportive element of the nervous system For example: “The supportive tissue of the nervous system” http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ “sustentacular tissue that surrounds and supports neurons in the central n ...
Full version (PDF file)
... and basal cell layer (BCL). The apical wide sublayer is primarily made up by the cell bodies of sustentacular cells. NF-L, a low molecular weight of silk protein, is specifically present in neuronal cells. NF-L-expressing cells was intensively stained, which can be considered as an indication for NC ...
... and basal cell layer (BCL). The apical wide sublayer is primarily made up by the cell bodies of sustentacular cells. NF-L, a low molecular weight of silk protein, is specifically present in neuronal cells. NF-L-expressing cells was intensively stained, which can be considered as an indication for NC ...
Cell Bio 5- SDL Spinal Reflexes Circuits A neuron never works
... Organization of Cord Gray Matter Each segment of the spinal cord has several million neurons in its gray matter These neurons are organized into circuits – Local circuits • Spinal reflex circuits are a type of local circuit Local circuits generally have three elements 1. Input • The main input to th ...
... Organization of Cord Gray Matter Each segment of the spinal cord has several million neurons in its gray matter These neurons are organized into circuits – Local circuits • Spinal reflex circuits are a type of local circuit Local circuits generally have three elements 1. Input • The main input to th ...
A Role of Central NELL2 in the Regulation of Feeding Behavior in
... purified them using G-50 columns as described previously (Mello et al., 1997). These riboprobes were then used for radioactive ISH. Adult male rats (n = 4) were decapitated and their brains were dissected, placed in an embedding mold with a Tissue-tek (Sakura, USA), and frozen in dry ice. Brains wer ...
... purified them using G-50 columns as described previously (Mello et al., 1997). These riboprobes were then used for radioactive ISH. Adult male rats (n = 4) were decapitated and their brains were dissected, placed in an embedding mold with a Tissue-tek (Sakura, USA), and frozen in dry ice. Brains wer ...
Primary retinal ganglion cells for neuron replacement therapy
... between postnatal day 1 and 5, leaving it unknown which subpopulation of transplanted RGCs survived, integrated and developed synaptic connections. The observed limited number of animals (n=15 of total 152) that migrated through the nerve fiber layer and the small number of GFP+ RGCs detected in the ...
... between postnatal day 1 and 5, leaving it unknown which subpopulation of transplanted RGCs survived, integrated and developed synaptic connections. The observed limited number of animals (n=15 of total 152) that migrated through the nerve fiber layer and the small number of GFP+ RGCs detected in the ...
Chapter 2: Psychology As a Science
... postsynaptic neurons that occur when a neurotransmitter binds to one of its receptors. The electrical response of the postsynaptic cell is determined by the receptor. Depolarized regions of postsynaptic membranes have been stimulated by excitatory neurochemicals to open their ion channels and incr ...
... postsynaptic neurons that occur when a neurotransmitter binds to one of its receptors. The electrical response of the postsynaptic cell is determined by the receptor. Depolarized regions of postsynaptic membranes have been stimulated by excitatory neurochemicals to open their ion channels and incr ...
The Central Nervous System
... Receptor (Sense organ) – detects stimuli Afferent (sensory neuron) – carries sensory info to CNS Ventral (anterior) root – contains motor neurons that carry motor info from CNS Spinal Nerve – contains sensory and motor neurons that carry sensory info to CNS and motor info out from CNS Somatic effect ...
... Receptor (Sense organ) – detects stimuli Afferent (sensory neuron) – carries sensory info to CNS Ventral (anterior) root – contains motor neurons that carry motor info from CNS Spinal Nerve – contains sensory and motor neurons that carry sensory info to CNS and motor info out from CNS Somatic effect ...
A Candidate Pathway for a Visual Instructional Signal to the Barn
... bimodal map in the OT. Gray arrows show ascending projections from the lateral shell of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICCls) to the ICX ( 1) and from the ICX to the OT ( 2) and a collateral projection observed in ICX neurons with unknown target zone ( 4). The black arrow ( 3) depic ...
... bimodal map in the OT. Gray arrows show ascending projections from the lateral shell of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICCls) to the ICX ( 1) and from the ICX to the OT ( 2) and a collateral projection observed in ICX neurons with unknown target zone ( 4). The black arrow ( 3) depic ...
Activity in the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Reflects Multiple Steps of
... Here we report that neuronal activity in the PFC predominantly reflected multiple future events that would ensue as a result of planned actions, rather than the arm movements required to perform these actions, in contrast to activity in the primary motor cortex that primarily reflected movements of ...
... Here we report that neuronal activity in the PFC predominantly reflected multiple future events that would ensue as a result of planned actions, rather than the arm movements required to perform these actions, in contrast to activity in the primary motor cortex that primarily reflected movements of ...
A Biologically Plausible Spiking Neuron Model of Fear Conditioning
... Simple fear conditioning experiments demonstrate classical Pavlovian conditioning. These experiments begin with a neutral, usually auditory or visual stimulus and a US such as an electric shock to an animal’s foot. Initially, presentation of the NS has no behavioural effect on the animal, but after ...
... Simple fear conditioning experiments demonstrate classical Pavlovian conditioning. These experiments begin with a neutral, usually auditory or visual stimulus and a US such as an electric shock to an animal’s foot. Initially, presentation of the NS has no behavioural effect on the animal, but after ...
Organization of the Nervous System
... Specialized tissue for rapid conduction of electrical impulses that convey information from one part of the body to another – 98% nervous tissue concentrated in brain and spinal cord Nervous tissue contains two basic cell types Neurons = functional units transmit information in the form of electrica ...
... Specialized tissue for rapid conduction of electrical impulses that convey information from one part of the body to another – 98% nervous tissue concentrated in brain and spinal cord Nervous tissue contains two basic cell types Neurons = functional units transmit information in the form of electrica ...
Telemetric recording of neuronal activity
... upon the availability of a method which allows single-unit recording in freely moving, spontaneously behaving animals. Single-unit recording in freely moving animals has been achieved already more than 20 years ago in rodents [4–6]. In these studies, the experimental animals were connected via a cab ...
... upon the availability of a method which allows single-unit recording in freely moving, spontaneously behaving animals. Single-unit recording in freely moving animals has been achieved already more than 20 years ago in rodents [4–6]. In these studies, the experimental animals were connected via a cab ...
Synapse
... the presynaptic terminals Synaptic vesicles contain neuropeptides co-exist with synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters and both are released simultaneously by the action potential that reaches the synaptic knob. Important for fast responses Neuropeptides can prolong the e.g.: actions of low ...
... the presynaptic terminals Synaptic vesicles contain neuropeptides co-exist with synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters and both are released simultaneously by the action potential that reaches the synaptic knob. Important for fast responses Neuropeptides can prolong the e.g.: actions of low ...
Chapter 3 Editable Lecture Notecards
... The somatic nervous system is made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors. They carry information from receipts in the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS, and from the CNS to the muscles. The autonomic nervous system is made up of nerves that connect to the h ...
... The somatic nervous system is made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors. They carry information from receipts in the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS, and from the CNS to the muscles. The autonomic nervous system is made up of nerves that connect to the h ...
Chapter 3 Lecture Notecards
... The somatic nervous system is made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors. They carry information from receipts in the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS, and from the CNS to the muscles. The autonomic nervous system is made up of nerves that connect to the h ...
... The somatic nervous system is made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors. They carry information from receipts in the skin, muscles, and joints to the CNS, and from the CNS to the muscles. The autonomic nervous system is made up of nerves that connect to the h ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.