Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... although a small number of these associations may be innate. Several environmental situations may favor the establishment of these associations between sensory and motor representation of actions, for instance, visually guided actions, such as reaching and grasping, during which we can observe our o ...
... although a small number of these associations may be innate. Several environmental situations may favor the establishment of these associations between sensory and motor representation of actions, for instance, visually guided actions, such as reaching and grasping, during which we can observe our o ...
Synaptic Integration in Rat Frontal Cortex Shaped by Network Activity
... activity affects the neurons’ integrative properties and what function this may imply at the network level remain largely unknown. Most of our knowledge regarding synaptic communication and integration is based on recordings in vitro, where network activity is strongly diminished or even absent. Her ...
... activity affects the neurons’ integrative properties and what function this may imply at the network level remain largely unknown. Most of our knowledge regarding synaptic communication and integration is based on recordings in vitro, where network activity is strongly diminished or even absent. Her ...
Brainstem Afferents of the Cholinoceptive Pontine Wave Generation
... the pons, lateral geniculate body, and occipital cortex. Since, in the cat, these potentials originate in the pons (P) and propagate to the lateral geniculate body (G) and occipital cortex (O), they are called ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves (Brooks and Bizzi, 1963; Jeannerod et al., 1965). The ...
... the pons, lateral geniculate body, and occipital cortex. Since, in the cat, these potentials originate in the pons (P) and propagate to the lateral geniculate body (G) and occipital cortex (O), they are called ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves (Brooks and Bizzi, 1963; Jeannerod et al., 1965). The ...
Learning and Memory - Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
... rabbits, and a variety of simple forms of reflex learning in invertebrates—namely, the defensive gill-withdrawal reflex of Aplysia, olfactory learning in Drosophila, the escape reflex of Tritonia, and various behavioral modifications in Hermissenda, Pleurobranchaea, Limax, crayfish, and honeybees (s ...
... rabbits, and a variety of simple forms of reflex learning in invertebrates—namely, the defensive gill-withdrawal reflex of Aplysia, olfactory learning in Drosophila, the escape reflex of Tritonia, and various behavioral modifications in Hermissenda, Pleurobranchaea, Limax, crayfish, and honeybees (s ...
Bad Fish - Groch Biology
... Three days into their trip, Bill netted a bird with an orange body and black wings and head. Dr. Westwood was very curious and looked closely at the bird. ...
... Three days into their trip, Bill netted a bird with an orange body and black wings and head. Dr. Westwood was very curious and looked closely at the bird. ...
Textures of Natural Images in the Human Brain. Focus on
... Texture patterns— homogeneous regions of repeated structures—are the predominant feature of natural visual scenes. The zebra, a 1938 optical art painting by Victor Vasarely, illustrates how different textures segregate and define figures from their background. Despite the ease with which we perceive ...
... Texture patterns— homogeneous regions of repeated structures—are the predominant feature of natural visual scenes. The zebra, a 1938 optical art painting by Victor Vasarely, illustrates how different textures segregate and define figures from their background. Despite the ease with which we perceive ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early in human development, adults tend to imitate the baby (Nadel 2002), thus favoring the formation of the associations between sensory an ...
... Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early in human development, adults tend to imitate the baby (Nadel 2002), thus favoring the formation of the associations between sensory an ...
Development of the Nervous System
... neurons, Schwann cells of the PNS, and nonneuronal derivatives such as melanocytes. Above is a cross section through the neural tube. In the neural tube there is symmetrical cell division. Eventually, there is asymmetrical cell division and differentiation of the daughter cells. The first thing that ...
... neurons, Schwann cells of the PNS, and nonneuronal derivatives such as melanocytes. Above is a cross section through the neural tube. In the neural tube there is symmetrical cell division. Eventually, there is asymmetrical cell division and differentiation of the daughter cells. The first thing that ...
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... which are thought to be important in gating REM sleep27,29. By contrast, the VLPO cluster more heavily innervates the histaminergic neurons, which are closely linked to transitions between arousal and NREM sleep27,30,31. The VLPO also receives afferents from each of the major monoaminergic systems32 ...
... which are thought to be important in gating REM sleep27,29. By contrast, the VLPO cluster more heavily innervates the histaminergic neurons, which are closely linked to transitions between arousal and NREM sleep27,30,31. The VLPO also receives afferents from each of the major monoaminergic systems32 ...
The Discovery of the Reward Pathway
... pleasurable. This rewarding feeling is also called positive reinforcement. It has been shown that when an electrode is placed an area around the nucelus accumbens, the rat will not press the lever for the electrical stimulus because stimulating neurons in a nearby area that does not connect with the ...
... pleasurable. This rewarding feeling is also called positive reinforcement. It has been shown that when an electrode is placed an area around the nucelus accumbens, the rat will not press the lever for the electrical stimulus because stimulating neurons in a nearby area that does not connect with the ...
Nervous System Ch 9
... as reflex centers (for example, for heartbeat, respirations, and blood vessel diameter); sensory tracts in the brainstem conduct impulses to the higher parts of the brain; motor tracts conduct from the higher parts of the brain to the spinal cord Copyright © 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc. All ...
... as reflex centers (for example, for heartbeat, respirations, and blood vessel diameter); sensory tracts in the brainstem conduct impulses to the higher parts of the brain; motor tracts conduct from the higher parts of the brain to the spinal cord Copyright © 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc. All ...
UShape Representation in the Inferior Temporal Cortex of MonkeysU
... between the test view and the template increases. The activity of the entire network is conceived of as the weighted sum of each unit's output. A recognition system relying on such an architecture has a strongly viewdependent performance when presented with a novel object, but it achieves object con ...
... between the test view and the template increases. The activity of the entire network is conceived of as the weighted sum of each unit's output. A recognition system relying on such an architecture has a strongly viewdependent performance when presented with a novel object, but it achieves object con ...
Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal
... On the basis of learning and game theories, we can conceptualise how individual neurons can process rewards for maximal use by using behavioural tasks that are commonly employed by experimenters for investigating specific brain structures and behavioural processes, such as delayed response tasks for ...
... On the basis of learning and game theories, we can conceptualise how individual neurons can process rewards for maximal use by using behavioural tasks that are commonly employed by experimenters for investigating specific brain structures and behavioural processes, such as delayed response tasks for ...
Neuroscience Newsletter, May 2015 - MSc/PhD/MD
... are regulated by PI(3,4,5)P3 levels. Indeed, even in adult mice the network of cytoplasmic channels could be reopened prior to the myelin thickening in response to an increase of PI(3,4,5) P3 levels specifically in oligodendrocytes (Goebbels et al., 2012). Fig 1. Conjointly with the morphological an ...
... are regulated by PI(3,4,5)P3 levels. Indeed, even in adult mice the network of cytoplasmic channels could be reopened prior to the myelin thickening in response to an increase of PI(3,4,5) P3 levels specifically in oligodendrocytes (Goebbels et al., 2012). Fig 1. Conjointly with the morphological an ...
Cerebellar Peduncle Pathways
... Increase in ADC value of the middle cerebellar peduncle precedes the appearance of cerebellar ataxia. ...
... Increase in ADC value of the middle cerebellar peduncle precedes the appearance of cerebellar ataxia. ...
Visual and Oculomotor Functions of Monkey Subthalamic Nucleus
... Although the responses of STN neurons have been studied during limb movements, their activity has not been studied in relation to visuooculomotor functions. Possible oculomotor functions for STN are suggested by its afferent connections from the cortical eye fields (Huerta and Kaas 1990; Huerta et a ...
... Although the responses of STN neurons have been studied during limb movements, their activity has not been studied in relation to visuooculomotor functions. Possible oculomotor functions for STN are suggested by its afferent connections from the cortical eye fields (Huerta and Kaas 1990; Huerta et a ...
Title - HAL
... 1.Introduction Neuronal dendrites display an astonishing diversity in shape. This part of the nerve cells is important for several reasons. Firstly, it strongly influences the information processing performed by the cell, though how this influence is exercised is still debated. Secondly, the shape o ...
... 1.Introduction Neuronal dendrites display an astonishing diversity in shape. This part of the nerve cells is important for several reasons. Firstly, it strongly influences the information processing performed by the cell, though how this influence is exercised is still debated. Secondly, the shape o ...
BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR
... might damage neurons. During prenatal brain development, as new neurons are being formed through cell division, glial cells send out long fibers that guide newly divided neurons to their targeted place in the brain (Filogamo, 1998). Within the nervous system, glial cells outnumber neurons about ten ...
... might damage neurons. During prenatal brain development, as new neurons are being formed through cell division, glial cells send out long fibers that guide newly divided neurons to their targeted place in the brain (Filogamo, 1998). Within the nervous system, glial cells outnumber neurons about ten ...
Radial migration: Retinal neurons hold on for the ride
... now know a lot more about the roles of the apical and basal processes, and the significance of their attachment, in promoting movement. This work also demonstrates that radial migration is a robust phenomenon that cells can accomplish in multiple ways, likely because of the severe consequences for t ...
... now know a lot more about the roles of the apical and basal processes, and the significance of their attachment, in promoting movement. This work also demonstrates that radial migration is a robust phenomenon that cells can accomplish in multiple ways, likely because of the severe consequences for t ...
Neurons - AC Reynolds High
... Secrete neurotransmitters from the axonal terminals Movement along axons occurs in two ways Anterograde — toward axonal terminal Retrograde — away from axonal terminal ...
... Secrete neurotransmitters from the axonal terminals Movement along axons occurs in two ways Anterograde — toward axonal terminal Retrograde — away from axonal terminal ...
A Pitx transcription factor controls the establishment
... Positional information during stem cell-based regeneration is given through the localized expression of secreted signaling molecules. For instance, a planarian homolog of the midline repellent Slit is expressed along the body midline and is absent from lateral regions. RNAi against Schmidtea mediter ...
... Positional information during stem cell-based regeneration is given through the localized expression of secreted signaling molecules. For instance, a planarian homolog of the midline repellent Slit is expressed along the body midline and is absent from lateral regions. RNAi against Schmidtea mediter ...
Document
... • concerned primarily with control of movement & important for learning new motor responses Use with Atkinson & Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology 15th edition Nolen-Hoeksema, Fredrickson, Loftus, Wagenaar ISBN 9781844807284 © 2009 Cengage Learning ...
... • concerned primarily with control of movement & important for learning new motor responses Use with Atkinson & Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology 15th edition Nolen-Hoeksema, Fredrickson, Loftus, Wagenaar ISBN 9781844807284 © 2009 Cengage Learning ...
Microcircuits in visual cortex Kevan AC Martin
... inspiration for models of cortical wiring, where the goal is to discover whether the maps are in some way optimal solutions to the constraint of reducing wiring length [5,6•]. The significance of exploring this domain is that it places important constraints on the 2D intracortical connections and of ...
... inspiration for models of cortical wiring, where the goal is to discover whether the maps are in some way optimal solutions to the constraint of reducing wiring length [5,6•]. The significance of exploring this domain is that it places important constraints on the 2D intracortical connections and of ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.