Ventral Premotor and Inferior Parietal Cortices
... epochs in which statistical analysis revealed differential activation between the 2 conditions. In order to describe and compare the distribution of PIs in the F5 and PFG neuronal populations, this index was calculated also for those neurons showing no statistically significant differences between th ...
... epochs in which statistical analysis revealed differential activation between the 2 conditions. In order to describe and compare the distribution of PIs in the F5 and PFG neuronal populations, this index was calculated also for those neurons showing no statistically significant differences between th ...
3 The Third-Person View of the Mind
... in. Its function is to receive information about the environment from the senses, decide how to move the body to achieve survival and reproduction, and control the muscles to carry out the planned action. Figure 3-1 illustrates this role of the brain as the link between the senses and muscles. Incre ...
... in. Its function is to receive information about the environment from the senses, decide how to move the body to achieve survival and reproduction, and control the muscles to carry out the planned action. Figure 3-1 illustrates this role of the brain as the link between the senses and muscles. Incre ...
BRAIN DYNAMICS AT MULTIPLE SCALES: CAN ONE RECONCILE
... we investigate models of randomly-connected networks of integrate-and-fire neurons, and also contrast global (averaged) variables, with neuronal activity. The network displays different states, such as “synchronous regular” (SR) or “asynchronous irregular” (AI) states. In SR states, the global variabl ...
... we investigate models of randomly-connected networks of integrate-and-fire neurons, and also contrast global (averaged) variables, with neuronal activity. The network displays different states, such as “synchronous regular” (SR) or “asynchronous irregular” (AI) states. In SR states, the global variabl ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early in human development, adults tend to imitate the baby (Nadel 2002), thus favoring the formation of the associations between sensory an ...
... Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early in human development, adults tend to imitate the baby (Nadel 2002), thus favoring the formation of the associations between sensory an ...
to the neuron`s output. The neuron does not perform other
... It is possible to increase the efficiency of such multiplier by using instead of first MAOM the matrixes of light sources, providing the similar "movement" of elements of vector b. It is expected the increasing of the efficiency at the expense of considerable reduction of the required light and UHF ...
... It is possible to increase the efficiency of such multiplier by using instead of first MAOM the matrixes of light sources, providing the similar "movement" of elements of vector b. It is expected the increasing of the efficiency at the expense of considerable reduction of the required light and UHF ...
How do Human Sensors Work?
... Eating food with your nose blocked shows a marked decrease in flavor, even though the taste is the same. Let’s demonstrate this using a quick activity that ...
... Eating food with your nose blocked shows a marked decrease in flavor, even though the taste is the same. Let’s demonstrate this using a quick activity that ...
Activity of Ventral Medial Thalamic Neurons during
... Absence seizures are characterized by bilaterally synchronous spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) in the electroencephalogram, which reflect abnormal oscillations in corticothalamic networks. Although it was suggested that basal ganglia could modulate, via their feedback circuits to the cerebral cortex ...
... Absence seizures are characterized by bilaterally synchronous spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) in the electroencephalogram, which reflect abnormal oscillations in corticothalamic networks. Although it was suggested that basal ganglia could modulate, via their feedback circuits to the cerebral cortex ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
Projections From the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus to the Dorsal
... posteriorly. There was considerable spatial overlap in these distributions, and much more work is needed to clarify this issue. Whether individual cell types in the granule cell domain preferentially innervate different regions of the DCN, and whether there are additional as yet still unidentified c ...
... posteriorly. There was considerable spatial overlap in these distributions, and much more work is needed to clarify this issue. Whether individual cell types in the granule cell domain preferentially innervate different regions of the DCN, and whether there are additional as yet still unidentified c ...
Chapter 3—The Brain and Behavior
... According to the dominant-recessive genes principle, the dominant gene exerts its influence. A recessive gene exerts its influence only when the two genes of a pair are both recessive. The term polygenic inheritance refers to the influence of multiple genes on behavior. Three of the fields dedicated ...
... According to the dominant-recessive genes principle, the dominant gene exerts its influence. A recessive gene exerts its influence only when the two genes of a pair are both recessive. The term polygenic inheritance refers to the influence of multiple genes on behavior. Three of the fields dedicated ...
Properties of Primary Sensory (Lemniscal) Synapses in the
... calcium currents) when hyperpolarized and high-threshold potentials (presumably high-threshold calcium currents) when depolarized (Fig. 2C). The low- and high-threshold potentials were also triggered with the application of current injection and thus they did not require synaptic input to be evoked ...
... calcium currents) when hyperpolarized and high-threshold potentials (presumably high-threshold calcium currents) when depolarized (Fig. 2C). The low- and high-threshold potentials were also triggered with the application of current injection and thus they did not require synaptic input to be evoked ...
Somatosensory Substrates of Flight Control in Bats
... (Ackert, 1914) and Krause end-bulbs, which are proposed to respond to high force levels in glabrous skin of other mammals (Munger and Ide, 1988). These end organs have not been reported in the hairy skin; therefore, these data reveal 4 Cell Reports 11, 1–8, May 12, 2015 ª2015 The Authors ...
... (Ackert, 1914) and Krause end-bulbs, which are proposed to respond to high force levels in glabrous skin of other mammals (Munger and Ide, 1988). These end organs have not been reported in the hairy skin; therefore, these data reveal 4 Cell Reports 11, 1–8, May 12, 2015 ª2015 The Authors ...
Presence of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 in
... accumulation of grain clusters in several diencephalic nuclei, including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH; Fig. 1A) and the PVa (Fig. 1B). The ARH contained only few VGLUT2 neurons, most of which were localized laterally within the nucleus. These glutamatergic cells were labelled lightly o ...
... accumulation of grain clusters in several diencephalic nuclei, including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH; Fig. 1A) and the PVa (Fig. 1B). The ARH contained only few VGLUT2 neurons, most of which were localized laterally within the nucleus. These glutamatergic cells were labelled lightly o ...
Dopaminergic Transmission and Wake
... reuptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin into nerve terminals. In addition, amphetamines affect the transport of monamines into synaptic vesicles. The development of radioligands for DAT led to studies which showed that the binding affinity of cocaine and amphetamine for DAT correlate well w ...
... reuptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin into nerve terminals. In addition, amphetamines affect the transport of monamines into synaptic vesicles. The development of radioligands for DAT led to studies which showed that the binding affinity of cocaine and amphetamine for DAT correlate well w ...
Biomechanics Models Motor Cortex Using Spinal Cord and Limb
... predicts observed phenomena. Finally, one may use self-organizing neural network models whereby the redundancy is resolved by the dynamics of these systems. Although each of these approaches possesses its merit, we have chosen to base our derivation on optimal control theory, which fits in nicely wi ...
... predicts observed phenomena. Finally, one may use self-organizing neural network models whereby the redundancy is resolved by the dynamics of these systems. Although each of these approaches possesses its merit, we have chosen to base our derivation on optimal control theory, which fits in nicely wi ...
Minireview Embarrassed, but Not Depressed: Eye Opening Lessons
... is there synaptic plasticity here as well? Are there activity-dependent consolidation mechanisms, like that described by Attwell et al. (2002), which could translate increased excitability of deep nucleus neurons into more permanent changes? What role does Purkinje cell activity play in deep nucleus ...
... is there synaptic plasticity here as well? Are there activity-dependent consolidation mechanisms, like that described by Attwell et al. (2002), which could translate increased excitability of deep nucleus neurons into more permanent changes? What role does Purkinje cell activity play in deep nucleus ...
Electrical dimensions in cell science - Journal of Cell Science
... baldness were common. ‘Electric air baths’, for example, were a popular Victorian spa treatment and, when Mary Shelley was writing Frankenstein, public demonstrations using electrical shocks to raise corpses were popular for their theatrical impact. Much of the bad reputation associated with bioelec ...
... baldness were common. ‘Electric air baths’, for example, were a popular Victorian spa treatment and, when Mary Shelley was writing Frankenstein, public demonstrations using electrical shocks to raise corpses were popular for their theatrical impact. Much of the bad reputation associated with bioelec ...
The Inferior Parietal Lobule Is the Target of Output from the Superior
... phine (Buprenex, 0.01 mg/kg, i.m.). If an animal developed partial or generalized seizures, it was given phenobarbital (2– 6 mg/kg, i.m., until the seizures were controlled; up to 40 mg/kg in a 24 hr period). Virus transport between neurons is time dependent (Z emanick et al., 1991; Strick and C ard ...
... phine (Buprenex, 0.01 mg/kg, i.m.). If an animal developed partial or generalized seizures, it was given phenobarbital (2– 6 mg/kg, i.m., until the seizures were controlled; up to 40 mg/kg in a 24 hr period). Virus transport between neurons is time dependent (Z emanick et al., 1991; Strick and C ard ...
Neural Substrate Expansion for the Restoration of Brain
... damage is one of the principal objectives of modern translational neuroscience. Electrical stimulation approaches, such as deep-brain stimulation, have achieved the most clinical success, but they ultimately may be limited by the computational capacity of the residual cerebral circuitry. An alternat ...
... damage is one of the principal objectives of modern translational neuroscience. Electrical stimulation approaches, such as deep-brain stimulation, have achieved the most clinical success, but they ultimately may be limited by the computational capacity of the residual cerebral circuitry. An alternat ...
ANPS 019 Beneyto 11-06
... information from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of the body • Although similar in structure, the 2 hemispheres have different functions (e.g., language on left, face recognition on right) • Specific regions of the cerebral cortex have specific functions, but there is overlap in func ...
... information from, and sends motor commands to, the opposite side of the body • Although similar in structure, the 2 hemispheres have different functions (e.g., language on left, face recognition on right) • Specific regions of the cerebral cortex have specific functions, but there is overlap in func ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... Fig. 56.7 The left side of this figure shows the basic neuronal circuit of the cerebellum, with the excitatory neurons shown in red, and the inhibitory neuron (Purkinje cell) shown in black. ...
... Fig. 56.7 The left side of this figure shows the basic neuronal circuit of the cerebellum, with the excitatory neurons shown in red, and the inhibitory neuron (Purkinje cell) shown in black. ...
human medial temporal lobe Selectivity of pyramidal cells and
... fast and accurately is one of the major challenges in neuroscience. This requires understanding what kind of information is encoded by neurons and, perhaps more importantly, how that information is represented. There is vast evidence showing that the processing of visual information follows a hierar ...
... fast and accurately is one of the major challenges in neuroscience. This requires understanding what kind of information is encoded by neurons and, perhaps more importantly, how that information is represented. There is vast evidence showing that the processing of visual information follows a hierar ...
Sensory responses and movement-related activities in extrinsic
... opened window was then covered with wax. About 30%, 40% and 30% of the units reported in this study were using wires of 14, 17 and 20 lm in diameter, respectively. For mechanical support, recording electrodes were formed into bundles around a coated copper wire with a diameter of 60 lm that was inse ...
... opened window was then covered with wax. About 30%, 40% and 30% of the units reported in this study were using wires of 14, 17 and 20 lm in diameter, respectively. For mechanical support, recording electrodes were formed into bundles around a coated copper wire with a diameter of 60 lm that was inse ...
PDF of article - Janelia Research Campus
... hand side of Figure 2f to b). LPTCs, however, still respond to both rotation and translation of the fly, whereas the gaze-stabilization system is primarily tuned for rotations [12]. This ambiguity is partially resolved by neck motor neurons (NMNs) [31!] and some descending neurons (DNs) [32] which i ...
... hand side of Figure 2f to b). LPTCs, however, still respond to both rotation and translation of the fly, whereas the gaze-stabilization system is primarily tuned for rotations [12]. This ambiguity is partially resolved by neck motor neurons (NMNs) [31!] and some descending neurons (DNs) [32] which i ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.