Microcircuits in visual cortex Kevan AC Martin
... inspiration for models of cortical wiring, where the goal is to discover whether the maps are in some way optimal solutions to the constraint of reducing wiring length [5,6•]. The significance of exploring this domain is that it places important constraints on the 2D intracortical connections and of ...
... inspiration for models of cortical wiring, where the goal is to discover whether the maps are in some way optimal solutions to the constraint of reducing wiring length [5,6•]. The significance of exploring this domain is that it places important constraints on the 2D intracortical connections and of ...
A Pitx transcription factor controls the establishment
... Positional information during stem cell-based regeneration is given through the localized expression of secreted signaling molecules. For instance, a planarian homolog of the midline repellent Slit is expressed along the body midline and is absent from lateral regions. RNAi against Schmidtea mediter ...
... Positional information during stem cell-based regeneration is given through the localized expression of secreted signaling molecules. For instance, a planarian homolog of the midline repellent Slit is expressed along the body midline and is absent from lateral regions. RNAi against Schmidtea mediter ...
Sounds of Silence BU scientists are helping a paralyzed man utter his
... that didn’t exist. And when these tricks were discovered, Erik’s father recalls, “he would just die laughing,” an involuntary, spasm-like response that he still has when something amuses or excites him. But then two bouts of pneumonia robbed him of the stamina and reaction time needed to spell out w ...
... that didn’t exist. And when these tricks were discovered, Erik’s father recalls, “he would just die laughing,” an involuntary, spasm-like response that he still has when something amuses or excites him. But then two bouts of pneumonia robbed him of the stamina and reaction time needed to spell out w ...
Age-related Increase in Astrocytes in the Visual Area V2 of the Cat
... 2008), and repairing traumatized nervous tissue (Faulkner et al., 2004). GFAP is a special marker widely used for labeling astrocytes. It has been reported that GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes are rather sensitive to aging effects, exhibiting significant proliferation, hyperplasia, and enhanced immun ...
... 2008), and repairing traumatized nervous tissue (Faulkner et al., 2004). GFAP is a special marker widely used for labeling astrocytes. It has been reported that GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes are rather sensitive to aging effects, exhibiting significant proliferation, hyperplasia, and enhanced immun ...
ANS notes filled
... Both pre- and postganglionic fibers are cholinergic. As Ach is rapidly broken down by acetylcholinesterase, it does not have a chance to diffuse from the synapse. Parasympathetic effects tend to be localized and short in duration. ...
... Both pre- and postganglionic fibers are cholinergic. As Ach is rapidly broken down by acetylcholinesterase, it does not have a chance to diffuse from the synapse. Parasympathetic effects tend to be localized and short in duration. ...
introduction to peripheral nervous system 26. 02. 2014
... it is composed of six layers, although, the relative thickness of the different layers varies across the cortex. The relative thickness and cell composition of each of the six cortical layers varies across the neocortex, with different areas of the neocortex having characteristic patterns. The study ...
... it is composed of six layers, although, the relative thickness of the different layers varies across the cortex. The relative thickness and cell composition of each of the six cortical layers varies across the neocortex, with different areas of the neocortex having characteristic patterns. The study ...
Biological Cybernetics
... of large receptive fields in the periphery of the visual field leads to a lateral increase in resolution compared with the situation of curve 1, where all receptive fields are assumed to have the same size. These findings suggest that the large receptive field neurons that are found in urodeles as w ...
... of large receptive fields in the periphery of the visual field leads to a lateral increase in resolution compared with the situation of curve 1, where all receptive fields are assumed to have the same size. These findings suggest that the large receptive field neurons that are found in urodeles as w ...
Functional Motifs Composed of Morphologically Homologous
... the M-cells among recorded RSNs demonstrated markedly fast conduction velocity in the M-cell axon (Table 1) and corresponded to the exceptionally large diameter of the myelinated M-axon. Morphology of RSNs in r4 –r6 In the present study, single intracellular labeling of recorded RSNs revealed morpho ...
... the M-cells among recorded RSNs demonstrated markedly fast conduction velocity in the M-cell axon (Table 1) and corresponded to the exceptionally large diameter of the myelinated M-axon. Morphology of RSNs in r4 –r6 In the present study, single intracellular labeling of recorded RSNs revealed morpho ...
Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System
... production Recently shown to “light up” as we prepare to think or even think about voluntary activities other than speech ...
... production Recently shown to “light up” as we prepare to think or even think about voluntary activities other than speech ...
Running Improves Pattern Separation during Novel Object
... (electric shock) reinforcement strategies to generate detectable behavioral output. The important contribution of emotions would be consistent with anatomical data, showing extensive hippocampal connectivity with subcortical structures like dorsal raphe, VTA, locus coeruleus, amygdala and nucleus ac ...
... (electric shock) reinforcement strategies to generate detectable behavioral output. The important contribution of emotions would be consistent with anatomical data, showing extensive hippocampal connectivity with subcortical structures like dorsal raphe, VTA, locus coeruleus, amygdala and nucleus ac ...
microcircuits in the striatum striatal cell types and their
... Figure 1. Basic anatomical and electrophysiological characteristics of spiny projection neurons and fast-spiking interneurons. A1. Drawing tube reconstruction of a spiny projection neuron stained with biocytin following intracellular recording in vivo. Soma and dendrites in black, axon in red. A2. W ...
... Figure 1. Basic anatomical and electrophysiological characteristics of spiny projection neurons and fast-spiking interneurons. A1. Drawing tube reconstruction of a spiny projection neuron stained with biocytin following intracellular recording in vivo. Soma and dendrites in black, axon in red. A2. W ...
Frequency-Dependent Processing in the Vibrissa Sensory System
... a deflection (phasic spike rate) shows a low-pass adaptation profile, with fewer spikes at higher frequencies. Center and right: when the total spike rate (all spikes evoked over a sustained steady-state period) or when the fidelity of spike timing to the stimulation frequency are considered, VPm ne ...
... a deflection (phasic spike rate) shows a low-pass adaptation profile, with fewer spikes at higher frequencies. Center and right: when the total spike rate (all spikes evoked over a sustained steady-state period) or when the fidelity of spike timing to the stimulation frequency are considered, VPm ne ...
Functional Clustering Drives Encoding Improvement in a
... depends on the response properties of other neurons in the network and the reliability of those responses. Encoding is also affected by neuronal interactions. For example, neuronal interactions may be organized to remove correlations from the network’s input (decorrelation) [9], making the neural co ...
... depends on the response properties of other neurons in the network and the reliability of those responses. Encoding is also affected by neuronal interactions. For example, neuronal interactions may be organized to remove correlations from the network’s input (decorrelation) [9], making the neural co ...
PDF+Links
... parameter developed by the software) was done at 400 ´ magnification. All consecutive sections of each series were analyzed. The neuronal counts were summarized using the mean neuronal numerical density per unit area analyzed. Thus, data are presented as unmodified neuronal cells counts per region u ...
... parameter developed by the software) was done at 400 ´ magnification. All consecutive sections of each series were analyzed. The neuronal counts were summarized using the mean neuronal numerical density per unit area analyzed. Thus, data are presented as unmodified neuronal cells counts per region u ...
Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward
... important for reward-related learning. Recent studies investigating the functional properties of TANs in behaving monkeys have shown that other factors beyond motivation can affect their responsiveness. There is now evidence that TAN responses reflect stimulus detection, movement control and recogni ...
... important for reward-related learning. Recent studies investigating the functional properties of TANs in behaving monkeys have shown that other factors beyond motivation can affect their responsiveness. There is now evidence that TAN responses reflect stimulus detection, movement control and recogni ...
Stimulation Within the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Can Evoke
... Deuchars, Susan A., K. Michael Spyer, and Michael P. Gilbey. Stimulation within the rostral ventrolateral medulla can evoke monosynaptic GABAergic IPSPs in sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 229–235, 1997. The inhibitory responses of identified sympathetic preganglionic ...
... Deuchars, Susan A., K. Michael Spyer, and Michael P. Gilbey. Stimulation within the rostral ventrolateral medulla can evoke monosynaptic GABAergic IPSPs in sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 229–235, 1997. The inhibitory responses of identified sympathetic preganglionic ...
7 Ghrelin signalling
... Then it was discovered that, when injected into the bloodstream or into cerebral ventricles, ghrelin also stimulates food intake in rodents. The attention shifted from studying its role in growth to studying its role in appetite control. Important evidence for its role in control of appetite came fr ...
... Then it was discovered that, when injected into the bloodstream or into cerebral ventricles, ghrelin also stimulates food intake in rodents. The attention shifted from studying its role in growth to studying its role in appetite control. Important evidence for its role in control of appetite came fr ...
PAX: A mixed hardware/software simulation platform for
... computing the neurons‟ asynchronous spikes. Neuron models can precisely describe the biophysics of spikes (action potentials) by computing the currents flowing through cell membrane and synaptic nodes. It is possible to reduce the size of these models to facilitate their computation. Other popular m ...
... computing the neurons‟ asynchronous spikes. Neuron models can precisely describe the biophysics of spikes (action potentials) by computing the currents flowing through cell membrane and synaptic nodes. It is possible to reduce the size of these models to facilitate their computation. Other popular m ...
Artificial Neural Networks
... • After training for a long time on a string of half a billion characters from English Wikipedia, he got it to generate new text. – It generates by predicting the probability distribution for the next character and then sampling a character from this distribution. ...
... • After training for a long time on a string of half a billion characters from English Wikipedia, he got it to generate new text. – It generates by predicting the probability distribution for the next character and then sampling a character from this distribution. ...
neuron
... • potassium ions (K+) have the greatest influence on RMP – plasma membrane more permeable to K+ than any other ion – leaks out until electrical charge of cytoplasmic anions attracts it back in and equilibrium is reached – K+ is about 40 times as concentrated in the ICF as in the ECF • cytoplasmic an ...
... • potassium ions (K+) have the greatest influence on RMP – plasma membrane more permeable to K+ than any other ion – leaks out until electrical charge of cytoplasmic anions attracts it back in and equilibrium is reached – K+ is about 40 times as concentrated in the ICF as in the ECF • cytoplasmic an ...
- Wiley Online Library
... the periphery, the small-diameter A-delta and C primary afferent fibers that emerge late in development from small dorsal root ganglion cells (B cells) innervate every tissue of the body, and they project to the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord or to the medullary nucleus of the solitary t ...
... the periphery, the small-diameter A-delta and C primary afferent fibers that emerge late in development from small dorsal root ganglion cells (B cells) innervate every tissue of the body, and they project to the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord or to the medullary nucleus of the solitary t ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... soma. Microtubules provide the structural basis for transport, axoplasmic flow. This mechanism of transport is not diffusion but rather retrograde axonal transport associated with the microtubule network that exists throughout the nerve cell. The rate of flow varies depending upon the product being ...
... soma. Microtubules provide the structural basis for transport, axoplasmic flow. This mechanism of transport is not diffusion but rather retrograde axonal transport associated with the microtubule network that exists throughout the nerve cell. The rate of flow varies depending upon the product being ...
PDF
... approach to demonstrate that the latter phenomenon is a natural consequence of the former. In particular, we show that weak pairwise correlations of the inputs to a compartmental model of a layer V pyramidal cell can induce bimodality in its membrane potential. We show how this relationship can acco ...
... approach to demonstrate that the latter phenomenon is a natural consequence of the former. In particular, we show that weak pairwise correlations of the inputs to a compartmental model of a layer V pyramidal cell can induce bimodality in its membrane potential. We show how this relationship can acco ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.