ARTICLE IN PRESS Neural Networks entorhinal cortex
... 3. Phase code for memory The phase code of memory will first be illustrated in a simple example using an abstract representation of oscillations. These modelled oscillations can represent a range of different physiological phenomena. They could represent subthreshold membrane potential oscillations ...
... 3. Phase code for memory The phase code of memory will first be illustrated in a simple example using an abstract representation of oscillations. These modelled oscillations can represent a range of different physiological phenomena. They could represent subthreshold membrane potential oscillations ...
Different levels of Ih determine distinct temporal integration in
... how these two classes of neurons contribute to the integration of input to the subiculum. Here, we report that bursting neurons posses a hyperpolarization-activated cation current (I h ) that is two-fold larger (conductance, 5.3 ± 0.5 nS) than in regular-spiking neurons (2.2 ± 0.6 nS), whereas I h e ...
... how these two classes of neurons contribute to the integration of input to the subiculum. Here, we report that bursting neurons posses a hyperpolarization-activated cation current (I h ) that is two-fold larger (conductance, 5.3 ± 0.5 nS) than in regular-spiking neurons (2.2 ± 0.6 nS), whereas I h e ...
Lecta5 - University of Waterloo
... NOTICE: These materials are subject to Canadian copyright and are presented here as images published in journals and books for which the University of Waterloo holds a licensed electronic subscription. These materials are provided to HLTH 340 students for their exclusive use though a non-public cour ...
... NOTICE: These materials are subject to Canadian copyright and are presented here as images published in journals and books for which the University of Waterloo holds a licensed electronic subscription. These materials are provided to HLTH 340 students for their exclusive use though a non-public cour ...
Document
... carboxyl-terminus fragments (CTF) and the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) are also indicated. Note that APP is cleaved at multiple sites by gamma-secretase, whereas cleavage of Notch 1 occurs at single site. Pink and blue arrows indicate the furin and TACE sites in the Notch 1 ectodomain and black ...
... carboxyl-terminus fragments (CTF) and the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) are also indicated. Note that APP is cleaved at multiple sites by gamma-secretase, whereas cleavage of Notch 1 occurs at single site. Pink and blue arrows indicate the furin and TACE sites in the Notch 1 ectodomain and black ...
Some insights into computational models of (patho)physiological
... the most complex system in nature. Therefore understanding its functions offers a great challenge to biological and physical sciences. Neurobiological research yields new and detailed knowledge at a very high rate but it is becoming clear that to understand how the brain works it is not enough to ac ...
... the most complex system in nature. Therefore understanding its functions offers a great challenge to biological and physical sciences. Neurobiological research yields new and detailed knowledge at a very high rate but it is becoming clear that to understand how the brain works it is not enough to ac ...
Cerebellar Unit Activity and the Movement Disruption Induced by
... implanted with stimulating electrodes (twisted stainless steel wires 200 um in diameter) aimed, according to the atlas by Fifková and Maršala (1967), at the heads of both caudate nuclei (AP-2, L 2, V 4). A 3-mm trephine opening above the dentate nucleus (AP 11.0, L 3.0) was used for implanting of a ...
... implanted with stimulating electrodes (twisted stainless steel wires 200 um in diameter) aimed, according to the atlas by Fifková and Maršala (1967), at the heads of both caudate nuclei (AP-2, L 2, V 4). A 3-mm trephine opening above the dentate nucleus (AP 11.0, L 3.0) was used for implanting of a ...
A computational account for the ontogeny of mirror neurons via
... network (ANN) to simulate activity in the premotor cortex (PM) and the superior temporal sulcus (STS). The PM cortex coordinates self-performed actions, whereas the STS is a region known to respond to the sight of body movements and the sound of actions. Action execution and observation will be simu ...
... network (ANN) to simulate activity in the premotor cortex (PM) and the superior temporal sulcus (STS). The PM cortex coordinates self-performed actions, whereas the STS is a region known to respond to the sight of body movements and the sound of actions. Action execution and observation will be simu ...
The ventral striatum in goal-directed behavior and - UvA-DARE
... flavored foods with locations on a radial arm maze and furthermore to predict the availability of the foods according to the length of the time interval between two trials on the maze (Babb and Crystal, 2006). Whereas in human episodic memory the “when” component includes the ability to “mentally tra ...
... flavored foods with locations on a radial arm maze and furthermore to predict the availability of the foods according to the length of the time interval between two trials on the maze (Babb and Crystal, 2006). Whereas in human episodic memory the “when” component includes the ability to “mentally tra ...
The Role of Dopamine and Its Dysfunction as a Consequence of
... oxidative phosphorylation, which produces superoxide radicals, formed by one superoxide anion, one hydroxyl radical, and free radicals (FR) that come from organic compounds. Alcoxyl, peroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen [25], are byproducts that are deposited in the mitochondria, thereby m ...
... oxidative phosphorylation, which produces superoxide radicals, formed by one superoxide anion, one hydroxyl radical, and free radicals (FR) that come from organic compounds. Alcoxyl, peroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen [25], are byproducts that are deposited in the mitochondria, thereby m ...
MS Word doc here
... occupies more than 100 times the cortical surface area devoted to the trunk. By this relative enlargement in cortical representation, the digits and lips are said to be magnified, and the degree of overrepresentation is called the magnification factor. ...
... occupies more than 100 times the cortical surface area devoted to the trunk. By this relative enlargement in cortical representation, the digits and lips are said to be magnified, and the degree of overrepresentation is called the magnification factor. ...
The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives
... between the executed and the observed motor act [2– 5]. Some mirror neurons show a strict correspondence between the effective observed and executed motor act; others show a correspondence in the goal of the observed and executed motor act, but not in the precise movements necessary to achieve the g ...
... between the executed and the observed motor act [2– 5]. Some mirror neurons show a strict correspondence between the effective observed and executed motor act; others show a correspondence in the goal of the observed and executed motor act, but not in the precise movements necessary to achieve the g ...
An Introduction to the Nervous System
... the membrane’s permeability to these ions is very low • Na+ has only a small effect on the normal resting potential, making it just ...
... the membrane’s permeability to these ions is very low • Na+ has only a small effect on the normal resting potential, making it just ...
xiao-ying-lu-southeast-university
... (gene/protein expression, cell morphology, synaptic length, etc) ...
... (gene/protein expression, cell morphology, synaptic length, etc) ...
Anatomy, pigmentation, ventral and dorsal subpopulations of
... Received 16 March 1990 and in revised form 14 August ...
... Received 16 March 1990 and in revised form 14 August ...
Slide 1
... hypoglossal). Cranial nerve entry/exit points and sensory ganglia associated with r2 (trigeminal), r4 (geniculate, vestibuloacoustic), r6 (superior), and r7 (jugular) are shown, as is the otic vesicle (ov). Colored bars represent the AP extent of Hox gene expression domains; note that one of these, ...
... hypoglossal). Cranial nerve entry/exit points and sensory ganglia associated with r2 (trigeminal), r4 (geniculate, vestibuloacoustic), r6 (superior), and r7 (jugular) are shown, as is the otic vesicle (ov). Colored bars represent the AP extent of Hox gene expression domains; note that one of these, ...
Orexinergic Input to Dopaminergic Neurons of the Human Ventral
... nigra (SN) were analyzed comparatively in adult male humans and rats. Orexin B-immunoreactive (IR) axons apposed to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-IR DA and to non-DA neurons were scarce in the VTA and SN of both species. In the VTA, 15.062.8% of TH-IR perikarya in humans and 3.260.3% in rats received or ...
... nigra (SN) were analyzed comparatively in adult male humans and rats. Orexin B-immunoreactive (IR) axons apposed to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-IR DA and to non-DA neurons were scarce in the VTA and SN of both species. In the VTA, 15.062.8% of TH-IR perikarya in humans and 3.260.3% in rats received or ...
the nervous system
... such as those performed by the skeletal muscles. The somatic nervous system also includes the special nerve fibres that help keep the body in touch with its surroundings, ...
... such as those performed by the skeletal muscles. The somatic nervous system also includes the special nerve fibres that help keep the body in touch with its surroundings, ...
The emerging framework of mammalian auditory hindbrain
... Musiek 1997). Since most neuronal disorders are rooted in aberrant developmental processes, insights into the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms of these processes will advance basic and clinical research alike. Development of mammalian neural circuits is a complex process, involving multipl ...
... Musiek 1997). Since most neuronal disorders are rooted in aberrant developmental processes, insights into the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms of these processes will advance basic and clinical research alike. Development of mammalian neural circuits is a complex process, involving multipl ...
Clonal analysis of the mushroom bodies
... morphological plasticity reflects the degree of stimulation in the living environment of individual animals (Technau, 1984; Heisenberg et al., 1995). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms for MB-mediated brain functions, it is important ...
... morphological plasticity reflects the degree of stimulation in the living environment of individual animals (Technau, 1984; Heisenberg et al., 1995). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms for MB-mediated brain functions, it is important ...
Bonaiuto_Progress-Report_3.31.07
... Many previous models of the basal ganglia focus on either reinforcement learning or action selection however so-called actor-critic models have been presented which provide aspects of both mechanisms (Barto, 1995; Houk et al., 1995). The current model integrates this type of model of the basal gangl ...
... Many previous models of the basal ganglia focus on either reinforcement learning or action selection however so-called actor-critic models have been presented which provide aspects of both mechanisms (Barto, 1995; Houk et al., 1995). The current model integrates this type of model of the basal gangl ...
Differential regulation of the central neural cardiorespiratory system
... Figure 1. (Opposite.) A diagram of pathways in the regulation of the cardiorespiratory system: (a) all pathways overlapped. The bulbospinal red pathways are in the RVLM (figure 2a) and integrate information from the centre and the periphery. The output from this nucleus is crucial for maintaining no ...
... Figure 1. (Opposite.) A diagram of pathways in the regulation of the cardiorespiratory system: (a) all pathways overlapped. The bulbospinal red pathways are in the RVLM (figure 2a) and integrate information from the centre and the periphery. The output from this nucleus is crucial for maintaining no ...
Composition and Organization of the SCZ: A Large Germinal Layer
... of the SCZ, we sectioned this region into 7-lm serial sections and stained them with toluidine blue (n = 15 mice). Serial reconstruction analysis provided a 3-dimensional perspective throughout the SCZ (Fig. 1A) revealing regional changes in cell density and areas containing open cavities (Fig. 1A, ...
... of the SCZ, we sectioned this region into 7-lm serial sections and stained them with toluidine blue (n = 15 mice). Serial reconstruction analysis provided a 3-dimensional perspective throughout the SCZ (Fig. 1A) revealing regional changes in cell density and areas containing open cavities (Fig. 1A, ...
49 BIOLOGY Nervous Systems CAMPBELL
... Children affected with autism display impaired communication and social interaction, as well as stereotyped, repetitive behaviors © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... Children affected with autism display impaired communication and social interaction, as well as stereotyped, repetitive behaviors © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
The importance of mixed selectivity in complex
... 1) Take a spike count from each Recall Task subcondition at time t 2) Superimpose that with a random sub-condition Recognition Task at time t. 3) Repeat Vice Versa This removes task-selectivity, but the PCH shows that the neuron maintains some information about specific combinations. ...
... 1) Take a spike count from each Recall Task subcondition at time t 2) Superimpose that with a random sub-condition Recognition Task at time t. 3) Repeat Vice Versa This removes task-selectivity, but the PCH shows that the neuron maintains some information about specific combinations. ...
Document
... • a compound synthesized from histidine, an amino acid • You are undoubtedly aware that antihistamines, which are used to treat allergies, can cause drowsiness. • They do so by blocking histamine H 1 receptors in the brain. More modern antihistamines cannot cross the blood–brain barrier, so they do ...
... • a compound synthesized from histidine, an amino acid • You are undoubtedly aware that antihistamines, which are used to treat allergies, can cause drowsiness. • They do so by blocking histamine H 1 receptors in the brain. More modern antihistamines cannot cross the blood–brain barrier, so they do ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.