“Congruent” and “Opposite” Neurons: Sisters for Multisensory
... However, multisensory integration is only half of the story of multisensory information processing, which works well when the sensory cues are originated from the same object. In cases where the sensory cues originate from different objects, the brain should segregate, rather than integrate, the cue ...
... However, multisensory integration is only half of the story of multisensory information processing, which works well when the sensory cues are originated from the same object. In cases where the sensory cues originate from different objects, the brain should segregate, rather than integrate, the cue ...
Neuron Production, Neuron Number, and Structure Size Are
... the hippocampus of the chickadee in the fall, when food-storing activity and spatial information processing for food storing begin. Chickadees that had received injections of the cell birth marker [3H] thymidine in October and were sacrificed 6 weeks later had more labeled neurons in the hippocampal ...
... the hippocampus of the chickadee in the fall, when food-storing activity and spatial information processing for food storing begin. Chickadees that had received injections of the cell birth marker [3H] thymidine in October and were sacrificed 6 weeks later had more labeled neurons in the hippocampal ...
PDF
... distinguish model-based from model-free systems, and has rather more readily found regions implicated in model-free processes. There is some indirect evidence [27–29,30] for the involvement of dopamine and dopaminergic mechanisms in learning from reward prediction errors in humans, along with more ...
... distinguish model-based from model-free systems, and has rather more readily found regions implicated in model-free processes. There is some indirect evidence [27–29,30] for the involvement of dopamine and dopaminergic mechanisms in learning from reward prediction errors in humans, along with more ...
nerve
... neuron. Myelin is not part of the structure of the neuron but consists of a thick layer mostly made up of lipids, present at regular intervals along the length of the axon. • Such fibers are called myelinated fibers. • The water-soluble ions carrying the current across the membrane cannot permeate t ...
... neuron. Myelin is not part of the structure of the neuron but consists of a thick layer mostly made up of lipids, present at regular intervals along the length of the axon. • Such fibers are called myelinated fibers. • The water-soluble ions carrying the current across the membrane cannot permeate t ...
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
... (Fig. 2); in addition, immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that many POMC cell bodies are contacted by terminals containing both GABA and NPY37. In addition to characterization of leptin action, this preparation was also used to demonstrate that MC3R is an inhibitory autoreceptor on the POMC circ ...
... (Fig. 2); in addition, immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that many POMC cell bodies are contacted by terminals containing both GABA and NPY37. In addition to characterization of leptin action, this preparation was also used to demonstrate that MC3R is an inhibitory autoreceptor on the POMC circ ...
Copy of the full paper
... signals by precisely computing the neurons’ asynchronous spikes. Neuron models can precisely describe the biophysics of spikes (action potentials) by computing the currents flowing through cell membrane and synaptic nodes. It is possible to reduce the size of these models to facilitate their computa ...
... signals by precisely computing the neurons’ asynchronous spikes. Neuron models can precisely describe the biophysics of spikes (action potentials) by computing the currents flowing through cell membrane and synaptic nodes. It is possible to reduce the size of these models to facilitate their computa ...
Neurotransmitter Parameter Definitions
... Supplementing with taurine can have a specific effect on GABA function.There are two primary ways in which taurine affects GABA.; First, it can inhibit GABA transaminase, an enzyme that metabolizes GABA. This allows GABA to stay in the synaptic cleft longer to bind to the postsynaptic receptor. Seco ...
... Supplementing with taurine can have a specific effect on GABA function.There are two primary ways in which taurine affects GABA.; First, it can inhibit GABA transaminase, an enzyme that metabolizes GABA. This allows GABA to stay in the synaptic cleft longer to bind to the postsynaptic receptor. Seco ...
Self-organization and interareal networks™in™the™primate cortex
... the developmental process where the gene is expressed, thereby testifying on the one hand to the complexity of the developmental process, and on the other indicating the limitations of the reductionist approach. An alternative but complementary approach is to record events during development in such ...
... the developmental process where the gene is expressed, thereby testifying on the one hand to the complexity of the developmental process, and on the other indicating the limitations of the reductionist approach. An alternative but complementary approach is to record events during development in such ...
Anatomical and Neurochemical Definition of the Nucleus of the Stria
... The septopreoptic-hypothalamic area of male quail contains several discrete clusters of VT-ir structures (cells and fibers). In agreement with previous observations on quail (Viglietti-Panzica, 1986; Panzica et al., 1992a, 1996a; Viglietti-Panzica et al., 1992, 1994; Aste et al., 1997), VT-ir fibers ...
... The septopreoptic-hypothalamic area of male quail contains several discrete clusters of VT-ir structures (cells and fibers). In agreement with previous observations on quail (Viglietti-Panzica, 1986; Panzica et al., 1992a, 1996a; Viglietti-Panzica et al., 1992, 1994; Aste et al., 1997), VT-ir fibers ...
the brainstem control of saccadic eye movements
... The modern era of oculomotor research began with the advent of the chronic single-unit recording method in the late 1960s. Research carried out in the intervening years has made it possible to provide a detailed description of the saccadic command signals that are generated by motor neurons and the ...
... The modern era of oculomotor research began with the advent of the chronic single-unit recording method in the late 1960s. Research carried out in the intervening years has made it possible to provide a detailed description of the saccadic command signals that are generated by motor neurons and the ...
PPT
... • Symbolic AI is well-suited for representing explicit knowledge that can be appropriately formalized. • However, learning in biological systems is mostly implicit – it is an adaptation process based on uncertain information and reasoning. • ANNs are inherently parallel and work extremely efficientl ...
... • Symbolic AI is well-suited for representing explicit knowledge that can be appropriately formalized. • However, learning in biological systems is mostly implicit – it is an adaptation process based on uncertain information and reasoning. • ANNs are inherently parallel and work extremely efficientl ...
35 | the nervous system
... Like other cells, each neuron has a cell body (or soma) that contains a nucleus, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and other cellular components. Neurons also contain unique structures, illustrated in Figure 35.3 for receiving and sending the electrical signals t ...
... Like other cells, each neuron has a cell body (or soma) that contains a nucleus, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and other cellular components. Neurons also contain unique structures, illustrated in Figure 35.3 for receiving and sending the electrical signals t ...
Rods Cones
... time and take very little interest in events occurring around them (ocular apraxia) they are functionally blind must use conscious strategies (e.g., closing their eyes) to break fixation from one object inability to perceive more than one object at a time during a single fixation even when two objec ...
... time and take very little interest in events occurring around them (ocular apraxia) they are functionally blind must use conscious strategies (e.g., closing their eyes) to break fixation from one object inability to perceive more than one object at a time during a single fixation even when two objec ...
Synaptic Integration of Olfactory Information in Mouse Anterior
... Methyl valerate, propyl acetate, menthone, ethyl vinyl ketone, methyl pyrrolyl ketone, (⫺)-limonene response profiles of AON neurons, in vivo Mixture 7 extracellular and intracellular recordings revealed that most mitral cells were activated bridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). The same procedu ...
... Methyl valerate, propyl acetate, menthone, ethyl vinyl ketone, methyl pyrrolyl ketone, (⫺)-limonene response profiles of AON neurons, in vivo Mixture 7 extracellular and intracellular recordings revealed that most mitral cells were activated bridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). The same procedu ...
Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation
... provided clear evidence that “cellular dehydration” (that is, cell shrinking) was required for thirst and VP release to be stimulated during ECF hyperosmolality: these responses could be induced by infusions of concentrated solutions containing membrane-impermeable solutes, which extract water from ...
... provided clear evidence that “cellular dehydration” (that is, cell shrinking) was required for thirst and VP release to be stimulated during ECF hyperosmolality: these responses could be induced by infusions of concentrated solutions containing membrane-impermeable solutes, which extract water from ...
Horizontal Synaptic Connections in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex: An In
... obtain whole-cell patch clamp recordings from layer 3 pyramidal neurons. Using in vivo tracer injections, we found that long-distance projections were well preserved in PFC slices cut in the coronal plane. Postsynaptic currents were evoked by low-intensity electrical extracellular stimulation applie ...
... obtain whole-cell patch clamp recordings from layer 3 pyramidal neurons. Using in vivo tracer injections, we found that long-distance projections were well preserved in PFC slices cut in the coronal plane. Postsynaptic currents were evoked by low-intensity electrical extracellular stimulation applie ...
Distinct Representation and Distribution of Visual Information by
... GABAergic neurons, responds to the sudden appearance or rapid movement of large stimuli and projects to multiple areas, including the lateral geniculate nucleus. A third class exhibits direction-selective responses and targets deeper SC layers. Together, our results show how specific sSC neurons rep ...
... GABAergic neurons, responds to the sudden appearance or rapid movement of large stimuli and projects to multiple areas, including the lateral geniculate nucleus. A third class exhibits direction-selective responses and targets deeper SC layers. Together, our results show how specific sSC neurons rep ...
Ionic Mechanism of the Slow Afterdepolarization Induced by
... IsADP is carried by sodium ions flowing into the cell. However, the dependence of IsADP on extracellular sodium was less pronounced than expected for a pure sodium current. We interpret these results to indicate that the sADP is most likely mediated by nonselective cation channels. Examination of th ...
... IsADP is carried by sodium ions flowing into the cell. However, the dependence of IsADP on extracellular sodium was less pronounced than expected for a pure sodium current. We interpret these results to indicate that the sADP is most likely mediated by nonselective cation channels. Examination of th ...
Organization of acetylcholine-containing structures in the cranial
... precise information on their spatial location in relation to the cholinergic motoneurons in the rat (Ichikawa and Hirata, 1990) and monkey (Ichikawa and Shimizu, 1998). Our experiment revealed internuclear differences between the ChAT-positive bouton-like structures and motoneurons of the particular ...
... precise information on their spatial location in relation to the cholinergic motoneurons in the rat (Ichikawa and Hirata, 1990) and monkey (Ichikawa and Shimizu, 1998). Our experiment revealed internuclear differences between the ChAT-positive bouton-like structures and motoneurons of the particular ...
Small Networks
... “Noise” in the nervous system • “The brain is noisy.” (Ermentrout et al, 2008) • “Noise…poses a fundamental problem for information processing and affects all aspects of nervous-system function.” (Faisal et al, 2008) • In the context of the “neural code”… – For rate code: “variations in inter-spike ...
... “Noise” in the nervous system • “The brain is noisy.” (Ermentrout et al, 2008) • “Noise…poses a fundamental problem for information processing and affects all aspects of nervous-system function.” (Faisal et al, 2008) • In the context of the “neural code”… – For rate code: “variations in inter-spike ...
14-1 SENSATION FIGURE 14.1 1. The general senses provide
... 1) The axons of the upper motor neurons from the cerebral cortex extend through the internal capsule, which is formed by descending motor nerve tracts from the cerebrum and ascending sensory nerve tracts from the thalamus. 2) The axons of the upper motor neurons pass through the midbrain (cerebral p ...
... 1) The axons of the upper motor neurons from the cerebral cortex extend through the internal capsule, which is formed by descending motor nerve tracts from the cerebrum and ascending sensory nerve tracts from the thalamus. 2) The axons of the upper motor neurons pass through the midbrain (cerebral p ...
Olfactory maps, circuits and computations
... For example, the PCTX was shown to receive input from predominantly mitral cells, while the OT was shown to get most of its projections from tufted cells; clear gradients of axons were also revealed, with the anterior PCTX receiving more afferents than the posterior PCTX, and the lateral OT receivin ...
... For example, the PCTX was shown to receive input from predominantly mitral cells, while the OT was shown to get most of its projections from tufted cells; clear gradients of axons were also revealed, with the anterior PCTX receiving more afferents than the posterior PCTX, and the lateral OT receivin ...
D5 (Not D1) Dopamine Receptors Potentiate Burst
... 2001). D1 agonists were active on neurons in the whole-cell configuration (Fig. 1 A) as well as on intact neurons in the cellattached configuration (Fig. 1 B). They potentiated burst-firing by increasing the burst duration by 70% (Fig. 1C). Mean burst duration was 2.1 ⫾ 0.4 sec in control. This valu ...
... 2001). D1 agonists were active on neurons in the whole-cell configuration (Fig. 1 A) as well as on intact neurons in the cellattached configuration (Fig. 1 B). They potentiated burst-firing by increasing the burst duration by 70% (Fig. 1C). Mean burst duration was 2.1 ⫾ 0.4 sec in control. This valu ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early in human development, adults tend to imitate the baby (Nadel 2002), thus favoring the formation of the associations between sensory an ...
... Also, mirrors and other reflecting surfaces allow the observation of one’s own facial and body movement as if they were performed by somebody else. Furthermore, early in human development, adults tend to imitate the baby (Nadel 2002), thus favoring the formation of the associations between sensory an ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.