
chapter 43 The Nervous System
... ""equilibrium potential (table 43.1). By relating the work cby each type of force, we can derive a quantitative expressz for this equilibrium potential called the Nernst equation. :2._ assumes the action of a single ion, and for a positive ion -!;J;tt charge equal to + I, the Nernst equation for K+ ...
... ""equilibrium potential (table 43.1). By relating the work cby each type of force, we can derive a quantitative expressz for this equilibrium potential called the Nernst equation. :2._ assumes the action of a single ion, and for a positive ion -!;J;tt charge equal to + I, the Nernst equation for K+ ...
Cell numbers in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of AS and AS
... were 8,711 for the DRN and 1064 for the MRN of AS animals. These numbers are slightly lower than those reported with conventional methods [29] but this may be accounted for by age and strain difference as well as the different methodology employed. To answer the second question, this study shows tha ...
... were 8,711 for the DRN and 1064 for the MRN of AS animals. These numbers are slightly lower than those reported with conventional methods [29] but this may be accounted for by age and strain difference as well as the different methodology employed. To answer the second question, this study shows tha ...
Function Identification in Neuron Populations via Information
... They simultaneously measure the neural activity of multiple neurons. Consequently, on datasets of this nature, additional questions pertaining to the network behavior of the neurons can be asked. Statistical methods based on information measures such as mutual information and directed information ha ...
... They simultaneously measure the neural activity of multiple neurons. Consequently, on datasets of this nature, additional questions pertaining to the network behavior of the neurons can be asked. Statistical methods based on information measures such as mutual information and directed information ha ...
Cell Type-Specific, Presynaptic LTP of Inhibitory Synapses on Fast
... dependent neither on metabotropic glutamate receptors nor voltage-gated Ca 2⫹ channels of the L and T types. Further pharmacological analysis indicated that voltage-gated Ca 2⫹ channels other than the P/Q type, such as N and R types, were not involved in LTP, suggesting that P/Q-type channels are a ...
... dependent neither on metabotropic glutamate receptors nor voltage-gated Ca 2⫹ channels of the L and T types. Further pharmacological analysis indicated that voltage-gated Ca 2⫹ channels other than the P/Q type, such as N and R types, were not involved in LTP, suggesting that P/Q-type channels are a ...
the superior Olivary complex
... because anatomically it is in a superior position relative to the inferior olivary complex. The term olivary is based on the olive-shaped protuberance on the ventral lateral surface of the medulla created by the underlying inferior olivary complex. The SOC extends from the rostral medulla to the cau ...
... because anatomically it is in a superior position relative to the inferior olivary complex. The term olivary is based on the olive-shaped protuberance on the ventral lateral surface of the medulla created by the underlying inferior olivary complex. The SOC extends from the rostral medulla to the cau ...
Representational Capacity of Face Coding in Monkeys
... recorded cells are shown in Figure 1. Six of the recorded cells showed strongly graded responses like those shown in Figure la. Three cells displayed more weakly graded responses as in Figure 16. Three cells had graded responses that tended to cluster into two or more groups. One such cell is shown ...
... recorded cells are shown in Figure 1. Six of the recorded cells showed strongly graded responses like those shown in Figure la. Three cells displayed more weakly graded responses as in Figure 16. Three cells had graded responses that tended to cluster into two or more groups. One such cell is shown ...
Notch signals and telencephalic fate
... 1990). Notch1, Notch3 and Delta1 (a Notch ligand) are expressed in the embryonic telencephalon during the period when regions segregate and commitment to cell types occurs (Lindsell et al., 1996). However, the role of these genes in forebrain development is still unclear. In this study, we have aske ...
... 1990). Notch1, Notch3 and Delta1 (a Notch ligand) are expressed in the embryonic telencephalon during the period when regions segregate and commitment to cell types occurs (Lindsell et al., 1996). However, the role of these genes in forebrain development is still unclear. In this study, we have aske ...
Simultaneous Two-Photon Calcium Imaging of Entire Cortical
... more effective when positioned directly above intact structures, such as hippocampus (Barretto et al., 2011), than when placed directly above deep layers of cortex. Traditional multiphoton imaging in certain thinner cortical areas in mice (e.g., mouse primary visual cortex [V1]) (Glickfeld et al., 2 ...
... more effective when positioned directly above intact structures, such as hippocampus (Barretto et al., 2011), than when placed directly above deep layers of cortex. Traditional multiphoton imaging in certain thinner cortical areas in mice (e.g., mouse primary visual cortex [V1]) (Glickfeld et al., 2 ...
Two Views of Cortex
... Central nervous System of Vertebrates, Vol. 3, Berlin: Springer, 1998) Total number of neurons in cerebral cortex = 10 billion (from G.M. Shepherd, The Synaptic Organization of the Brain, 1998, p. 6). However, C. Koch lists the total number of neurons in the cerebral cortex at 20 billion (Biophysics ...
... Central nervous System of Vertebrates, Vol. 3, Berlin: Springer, 1998) Total number of neurons in cerebral cortex = 10 billion (from G.M. Shepherd, The Synaptic Organization of the Brain, 1998, p. 6). However, C. Koch lists the total number of neurons in the cerebral cortex at 20 billion (Biophysics ...
Central Control of Motor Function
... Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum The basal ganglia and cerebellum are large collections of nuclei that modify movement on a minute-to-minute basis. The motor cortex sends information to both, and both structures send information back via the thalamus. Output of the cerebellum is excitatory and inhibi ...
... Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum The basal ganglia and cerebellum are large collections of nuclei that modify movement on a minute-to-minute basis. The motor cortex sends information to both, and both structures send information back via the thalamus. Output of the cerebellum is excitatory and inhibi ...
electrophysiological studies of rat substantia nigra neurons in an in
... Histological examination revealed marked atrophy and neurodegeneration in the ipsilateral substantia nigra pars reticulata at 14 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Compared with the control group, there was no significant change in electrical membrane properties and synaptic responses of s ...
... Histological examination revealed marked atrophy and neurodegeneration in the ipsilateral substantia nigra pars reticulata at 14 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Compared with the control group, there was no significant change in electrical membrane properties and synaptic responses of s ...
2Nervous_system
... Sweat glands and blood vessel smooth muscle are only innervated by sympathetic nerves and rely strictly on up-down control. ...
... Sweat glands and blood vessel smooth muscle are only innervated by sympathetic nerves and rely strictly on up-down control. ...
Genetic dissection of neural circuits underlying sexually dimorphic
... neural circuits, which in turn are shaped by the varying hormonal, genetic and epigenetic environments of males and females during development and adulthood [1–6]. Hormones such as oestrogens and androgens exert their effects by binding to their respective membrane-bound and nuclear receptors [7 –8] ...
... neural circuits, which in turn are shaped by the varying hormonal, genetic and epigenetic environments of males and females during development and adulthood [1–6]. Hormones such as oestrogens and androgens exert their effects by binding to their respective membrane-bound and nuclear receptors [7 –8] ...
A model for experience-dependent changes in the responses of inferotemporal neurons
... response of all recorded IT neurons during a DMS task with delay (Miller and Desimone 1993, Dudkin et al 1994). Finally, cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain project to IT cortex (Mesulam et al 1983). This suggests that acetylcholine can modulate the responses of IT neurons. Cholinergic agonis ...
... response of all recorded IT neurons during a DMS task with delay (Miller and Desimone 1993, Dudkin et al 1994). Finally, cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain project to IT cortex (Mesulam et al 1983). This suggests that acetylcholine can modulate the responses of IT neurons. Cholinergic agonis ...
Understanding mirror neurons - LIRA-Lab
... brain system which is responsible for action recognition. The link between object affordances and action understanding is considered. To support our hypothesis we describe two experiments where some aspects of the model have been implemented. In the first experiment an action recognition system is tra ...
... brain system which is responsible for action recognition. The link between object affordances and action understanding is considered. To support our hypothesis we describe two experiments where some aspects of the model have been implemented. In the first experiment an action recognition system is tra ...
The lysosome and neurodegenerative diseases
... of striatal neurons are affected in HD, the spiny projection neurons containing g-aminobutyric acid and substance P or enkephalin are most vulnerable. Other less severely affected brain regions include cerebral cortex and thalamic nuclei. Like other neurological diseases including AD and PD, HD is a ...
... of striatal neurons are affected in HD, the spiny projection neurons containing g-aminobutyric acid and substance P or enkephalin are most vulnerable. Other less severely affected brain regions include cerebral cortex and thalamic nuclei. Like other neurological diseases including AD and PD, HD is a ...
Elementary Motion Analysis Using a Retina
... processing and encoding of visual stimuli into a form suitable for higher levels visual processing. The aim of this paper is to first introduce a very general organization of retinal wiring, and subsequently demonstrate that the creation of neural models based on such wiring have the power to provid ...
... processing and encoding of visual stimuli into a form suitable for higher levels visual processing. The aim of this paper is to first introduce a very general organization of retinal wiring, and subsequently demonstrate that the creation of neural models based on such wiring have the power to provid ...
The autonomic nervous system
... The axons of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are usually long, extending from the CNS into a ganglion that is either very close to or embedded in their target organ, while sympathetic is the opposite. Parasympathetic nerve supply arises through three primary areas: ...
... The axons of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are usually long, extending from the CNS into a ganglion that is either very close to or embedded in their target organ, while sympathetic is the opposite. Parasympathetic nerve supply arises through three primary areas: ...
Responses of primate frontal cortex neurons during natural vocal
... neurons in marmoset frontal cortex exhibited responses during vocalsignal processing and/or vocal-motor production in the context of active, natural communication. We observed motor-related changes in single neuron activity during vocal production, but relatively weak sensory responses for vocalizat ...
... neurons in marmoset frontal cortex exhibited responses during vocalsignal processing and/or vocal-motor production in the context of active, natural communication. We observed motor-related changes in single neuron activity during vocal production, but relatively weak sensory responses for vocalizat ...
Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates
... rostral portions of the neuraxis that are homologous to some of the major divisions of craniate brains. Moreover, recent data indicate that many genes involved in patterning the nervous system are common to all bilaterally symmetrical animals and have been inherited from a common ancestor. Craniates ...
... rostral portions of the neuraxis that are homologous to some of the major divisions of craniate brains. Moreover, recent data indicate that many genes involved in patterning the nervous system are common to all bilaterally symmetrical animals and have been inherited from a common ancestor. Craniates ...
1 - UPenn School of Engineering and Applied Science
... deprivation of these signals results in cell death, primarily through apoptosis. For example, deprivation of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) resulted in apoptosis, but, over-expression of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, rescued these neurons from cell death2. NTFs that stimulate axonal growth have bee ...
... deprivation of these signals results in cell death, primarily through apoptosis. For example, deprivation of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) resulted in apoptosis, but, over-expression of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, rescued these neurons from cell death2. NTFs that stimulate axonal growth have bee ...
Synaptic energy efficiency in retinal processing
... the evolution of neural processing of the brain (Baddeley, 1996; Baddeley et al., 1997; Laughlin, 1999; Levy & Baxter, 1996). If equivalent computations could be carried out using less energy, savings from these energy efficient mechanisms could be used for other vital processes such as growth or repr ...
... the evolution of neural processing of the brain (Baddeley, 1996; Baddeley et al., 1997; Laughlin, 1999; Levy & Baxter, 1996). If equivalent computations could be carried out using less energy, savings from these energy efficient mechanisms could be used for other vital processes such as growth or repr ...
How do Migraines Happen
... biologist Aristides Leão first reported the phenomenon in animals in 1944, it was experimentally linked to migraine only recently. In more technical terms, cortical spreading depression is a wave of intense nerve cell activity that spreads through an unusually large swath of the cortex (the furrowed ...
... biologist Aristides Leão first reported the phenomenon in animals in 1944, it was experimentally linked to migraine only recently. In more technical terms, cortical spreading depression is a wave of intense nerve cell activity that spreads through an unusually large swath of the cortex (the furrowed ...
The role of nitric oxide in the hypothalamic control of LHRH and
... center controlling sexual behavior [91, 92] contains both nitric oxide synthase [15, 18, 133, 140] and estrogen receptors [90]. In the ventrolateral aspect of the nucleus, the estrogen receptors have been found to be expressed in numerous NADPH-d-positive neurons (Fig. 10) [18, 97] indicating a pote ...
... center controlling sexual behavior [91, 92] contains both nitric oxide synthase [15, 18, 133, 140] and estrogen receptors [90]. In the ventrolateral aspect of the nucleus, the estrogen receptors have been found to be expressed in numerous NADPH-d-positive neurons (Fig. 10) [18, 97] indicating a pote ...
07.Discussion
... suggests that no obvious cell fate alteration takes place, but rather distinct changes in cell migration. Furthermore, it was shown with Chordin, XMyoD and Xsox3 in injected embryos that during gastrulation and neurulation the mesoderm and the posterior neural plate do not converge towards the midli ...
... suggests that no obvious cell fate alteration takes place, but rather distinct changes in cell migration. Furthermore, it was shown with Chordin, XMyoD and Xsox3 in injected embryos that during gastrulation and neurulation the mesoderm and the posterior neural plate do not converge towards the midli ...
Optogenetics

Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.