Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, Signaling - Biology E
... 19. In the disease multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheaths harden and deteriorate. What is the effect on nervous system function? The hardening and deterioration of myelin sheaths lead to muscle paralysis through a disruption in neuron function. 20. What occurs to the synaptic vesicles as the Ca2+ le ...
... 19. In the disease multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheaths harden and deteriorate. What is the effect on nervous system function? The hardening and deterioration of myelin sheaths lead to muscle paralysis through a disruption in neuron function. 20. What occurs to the synaptic vesicles as the Ca2+ le ...
PAIN CONTROL THEORIES
... Pain Perceptions – based on expectations, past experience, anxiety, suggestions Affective – one’s emotional factors that can affect pain experience Behavioral – how one expresses or controls pain Cognitive – one’s beliefs (attitudes) about pain ...
... Pain Perceptions – based on expectations, past experience, anxiety, suggestions Affective – one’s emotional factors that can affect pain experience Behavioral – how one expresses or controls pain Cognitive – one’s beliefs (attitudes) about pain ...
asgn2d -- CEREBRAL CORTEX:
... the structure and organization of the cerebral cortex, and how it is divided. You should also understand how the primary sensory areas represent the senses from which they get their information. ...
... the structure and organization of the cerebral cortex, and how it is divided. You should also understand how the primary sensory areas represent the senses from which they get their information. ...
PDF file
... stimuli to enhance their visual perception. In the real world, objects do not come into and disappear from the field of view randomly, but rather, they typically move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, however, valu ...
... stimuli to enhance their visual perception. In the real world, objects do not come into and disappear from the field of view randomly, but rather, they typically move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, however, valu ...
Slide 1
... Doppler shift and acoustic fovea Doppler shift compensation •Bats have a very narrow frequency band that they are particularly sensitive to. •Thus if they emit sounds at the most sensitive frequency and the object is moving Doppler shift will produce an echo that falls to one side of the optimal fr ...
... Doppler shift and acoustic fovea Doppler shift compensation •Bats have a very narrow frequency band that they are particularly sensitive to. •Thus if they emit sounds at the most sensitive frequency and the object is moving Doppler shift will produce an echo that falls to one side of the optimal fr ...
A Self-Organizing Neural Network for Contour Integration through Synchronized Firing
... Department of Computer Sciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 yschoe,risto@cs.utexas.edu Abstract Contour integration in low-level vision is believed to occur based on lateral interaction between neurons with similar orientation tuning. The exact neural mechanisms underlying suc ...
... Department of Computer Sciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 yschoe,risto@cs.utexas.edu Abstract Contour integration in low-level vision is believed to occur based on lateral interaction between neurons with similar orientation tuning. The exact neural mechanisms underlying suc ...
Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Evidence for the Role of
... activity in the NAS of anesthetized animals, an effect that appears to be mediated by both D, and D, dopamine receptors (White and Wang, 1986; White et al., 1987). Moreover, it has been suggested that the synergistic action of these two dopamine receptor subtypes may be necessary for the full expres ...
... activity in the NAS of anesthetized animals, an effect that appears to be mediated by both D, and D, dopamine receptors (White and Wang, 1986; White et al., 1987). Moreover, it has been suggested that the synergistic action of these two dopamine receptor subtypes may be necessary for the full expres ...
brain derived neurotrophic factor transport and physiological
... sensory neurons in neonatal rats and the suppression of endogenous proBDNF rescued the death of axotomized sensory neurons. ...
... sensory neurons in neonatal rats and the suppression of endogenous proBDNF rescued the death of axotomized sensory neurons. ...
A neuronal network model of primary visual cortex explains spatial
... In our present model, the spatial pattern of LGN input to a single model neuron is side-by-side elongated sub-regions. We put spatial frequency information into the construction of those elongated regions by allowing different sub-region widths. There are optical imaging data (Sirovich and Uglesich ...
... In our present model, the spatial pattern of LGN input to a single model neuron is side-by-side elongated sub-regions. We put spatial frequency information into the construction of those elongated regions by allowing different sub-region widths. There are optical imaging data (Sirovich and Uglesich ...
Neurons, Astrocytes, and Oligodendrocytes of the Rat Cerebral
... cell-cell interactions, control the fate of cells. However, recent reports have suggested that a cortical cell’s identity may be specified even before it leaves the ventricular zone, implying a greater influence of inherited factors, such as cytoplasmic determinants, in dictating cell fate (Levitt e ...
... cell-cell interactions, control the fate of cells. However, recent reports have suggested that a cortical cell’s identity may be specified even before it leaves the ventricular zone, implying a greater influence of inherited factors, such as cytoplasmic determinants, in dictating cell fate (Levitt e ...
Nissl substance and cellular structures involved in the intraneuronal
... contact to glial membranes exposed to the neuroglial cleft. Hence, the level of exocytosis from glial cells is low (Fig.47). Although the vesicular transport of macromolecules between MRN and adjacent glial cells is limited, another specific mechanism for delivery of big masses of glial material int ...
... contact to glial membranes exposed to the neuroglial cleft. Hence, the level of exocytosis from glial cells is low (Fig.47). Although the vesicular transport of macromolecules between MRN and adjacent glial cells is limited, another specific mechanism for delivery of big masses of glial material int ...
Document
... • Mobilizes fat as a food source • Stimulates the reticular activating system (RAS) of the brain, increasing mental alertness ...
... • Mobilizes fat as a food source • Stimulates the reticular activating system (RAS) of the brain, increasing mental alertness ...
Tuberoinfundibular peptid 39 and its receptor in the central nervous
... brain was used for PTH2 receptor mRNA in situ hybridization studies. The brain of a 9 year old monkey, sacrificed for other research purposes was used in PTH2 receptor immunolabeling studies. Based or rat studies we know that the expression of the PTH2 receptor is independent on gender and age, this ...
... brain was used for PTH2 receptor mRNA in situ hybridization studies. The brain of a 9 year old monkey, sacrificed for other research purposes was used in PTH2 receptor immunolabeling studies. Based or rat studies we know that the expression of the PTH2 receptor is independent on gender and age, this ...
Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one
... convey their information to the olfactory bulb. This projection determines how the specificities of OSNs are mapped onto the spatial activity patterns of the olfactory bulb (OB). Despite the fact that virtually nothing is known about how individual OSN axons project to glomeruli, it is generally beli ...
... convey their information to the olfactory bulb. This projection determines how the specificities of OSNs are mapped onto the spatial activity patterns of the olfactory bulb (OB). Despite the fact that virtually nothing is known about how individual OSN axons project to glomeruli, it is generally beli ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... recordings with microiontophoresis, a seven-barrel micropipette (12–15 m tip diameter) was glued alongside a recording electrode, as described previously (Akaoka et al., 1992). Four different barrels were filled with one of the following solutions: GABA (400 mM, pH 4), bicuculline methiodide (GABAA ...
... recordings with microiontophoresis, a seven-barrel micropipette (12–15 m tip diameter) was glued alongside a recording electrode, as described previously (Akaoka et al., 1992). Four different barrels were filled with one of the following solutions: GABA (400 mM, pH 4), bicuculline methiodide (GABAA ...
Appendix S1 Relation of local short
... (i) A single EEG spectrum reflects the coordinated activity of tens and hundreds of thousands of neurons at a particular point in time [1]. However, there is no simple (oneto-one) relation between a power spectrum computed from short epochs of ongoing EEG and the actual state of the neurons in the u ...
... (i) A single EEG spectrum reflects the coordinated activity of tens and hundreds of thousands of neurons at a particular point in time [1]. However, there is no simple (oneto-one) relation between a power spectrum computed from short epochs of ongoing EEG and the actual state of the neurons in the u ...
Pathophysiology of breathing
... • Cheyne–Stokes breathing is irregular. The depth of breathing periodically becomes gradually deeper and then gradually more shallow. It is caused by a delayed response of respiratory neurons to changes in blood gases resulting in an overshooting reaction. It occurs when there is hypoperfusion of th ...
... • Cheyne–Stokes breathing is irregular. The depth of breathing periodically becomes gradually deeper and then gradually more shallow. It is caused by a delayed response of respiratory neurons to changes in blood gases resulting in an overshooting reaction. It occurs when there is hypoperfusion of th ...
2906_lect8
... Molecules that are mirror-image rotations of one another; although they contain the same atoms, they can smell completely different Vibration theory cannot explain this phenomenon ...
... Molecules that are mirror-image rotations of one another; although they contain the same atoms, they can smell completely different Vibration theory cannot explain this phenomenon ...
Lecture 23. Pathophysiology of respiratory system
... • Cheyne–Stokes breathing is irregular. The depth of breathing periodically becomes gradually deeper and then gradually more shallow. It is caused by a delayed response of respiratory neurons to changes in blood gases resulting in an overshooting reaction. It occurs when there is hypoperfusion of th ...
... • Cheyne–Stokes breathing is irregular. The depth of breathing periodically becomes gradually deeper and then gradually more shallow. It is caused by a delayed response of respiratory neurons to changes in blood gases resulting in an overshooting reaction. It occurs when there is hypoperfusion of th ...
View PDF - OMICS International
... Tottering mouse is an ataxic mutant that carries a mutation in a gene encoding for the 1A subunit of P/Q-type Ca2+ channel (Cav2.1), and exhibits Purkinje cells loss with the zebrin II immunonegative population in the anterior vermis and the zebrin II immunopositive population in the caudal vermis. ...
... Tottering mouse is an ataxic mutant that carries a mutation in a gene encoding for the 1A subunit of P/Q-type Ca2+ channel (Cav2.1), and exhibits Purkinje cells loss with the zebrin II immunonegative population in the anterior vermis and the zebrin II immunopositive population in the caudal vermis. ...
Crocodilian Forebrain: Evolution and Development
... define the dorsal thalamus, the most common attribute, and the one most frequently used in mammalian studies, is the connections with the telencephalon (Jones 2007). Accordingly, a similar approach was employed in crocodilians using the following strategies. One series of experiments made large inje ...
... define the dorsal thalamus, the most common attribute, and the one most frequently used in mammalian studies, is the connections with the telencephalon (Jones 2007). Accordingly, a similar approach was employed in crocodilians using the following strategies. One series of experiments made large inje ...
Abstract
... shows how a forward genetic screen has enabled the identification of novel mutations affecting specific decision points of thalamocortical axon pathfinding. Understanding how the brain becomes wired-up during development is essential not only to gain insight into its normal functioning, but also to ...
... shows how a forward genetic screen has enabled the identification of novel mutations affecting specific decision points of thalamocortical axon pathfinding. Understanding how the brain becomes wired-up during development is essential not only to gain insight into its normal functioning, but also to ...
Vomeronasal Function - Oxford Academic
... Neurons with somata located superficially in the epithelium express Gja2, while those with somata deep in the epithelium express Go. This distribution is now confirmed in the mouse and rat by Jia and Halpern (1996), and by work from Buck's, Dulac's and Ryba's laboratories. These three laboratories h ...
... Neurons with somata located superficially in the epithelium express Gja2, while those with somata deep in the epithelium express Go. This distribution is now confirmed in the mouse and rat by Jia and Halpern (1996), and by work from Buck's, Dulac's and Ryba's laboratories. These three laboratories h ...
The Constructive Nature of Visual Processing
... have more than 30 areas. Although not all visual areas in humans have yet been identified, the number is likely to be at least as great as in the macaque. If one includes oculomotor areas and prefrontal areas contributing to visual memory, almost half of the cerebral cortex is involved with vision. ...
... have more than 30 areas. Although not all visual areas in humans have yet been identified, the number is likely to be at least as great as in the macaque. If one includes oculomotor areas and prefrontal areas contributing to visual memory, almost half of the cerebral cortex is involved with vision. ...
animal_responses_to_the_environment
... A receptor is stimulated by a change in the environment and produces impulses. Dendrites of a sensory neuron conduct these nerve impulses to the cell body. Nerve impulses are conducted from the cell body along a single axon to the terminal branches. Ends of terminal branches do not touch the dendrit ...
... A receptor is stimulated by a change in the environment and produces impulses. Dendrites of a sensory neuron conduct these nerve impulses to the cell body. Nerve impulses are conducted from the cell body along a single axon to the terminal branches. Ends of terminal branches do not touch the dendrit ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.