The Constructive Nature of Visual Processing
... have more than 30 areas. Although not all visual areas in humans have yet been identified, the number is likely to be at least as great as in the macaque. If one includes oculomotor areas and prefrontal areas contributing to visual memory, almost half of the cerebral cortex is involved with vision. ...
... have more than 30 areas. Although not all visual areas in humans have yet been identified, the number is likely to be at least as great as in the macaque. If one includes oculomotor areas and prefrontal areas contributing to visual memory, almost half of the cerebral cortex is involved with vision. ...
The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey
... standard protocol: (1) when the monkey was sitting quietly (spontaneous activity), (2) as the experimenter reached behind a screen to retrieve an object from a tray that was out of the monkey's sight, (3) as the experimenter's arm was gradually brought back into view, (4) as the object was introduce ...
... standard protocol: (1) when the monkey was sitting quietly (spontaneous activity), (2) as the experimenter reached behind a screen to retrieve an object from a tray that was out of the monkey's sight, (3) as the experimenter's arm was gradually brought back into view, (4) as the object was introduce ...
The “Conscious” Dorsal Stream - Università degli Studi di Parma
... In addition, IPL is the main site of convergence of the pathways from the extrastriate visual areas of the dorsal stream. It projects to areas of the ventral premotor cortex (areas F4 and F5) and to the prefrontal lobe. The functional properties of IPL are in accord with the pattern of anatomical co ...
... In addition, IPL is the main site of convergence of the pathways from the extrastriate visual areas of the dorsal stream. It projects to areas of the ventral premotor cortex (areas F4 and F5) and to the prefrontal lobe. The functional properties of IPL are in accord with the pattern of anatomical co ...
A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
“Conscious” Dorsal Stream
... In addition, IPL is the main site of convergence of the pathways from the extrastriate visual areas of the dorsal stream. It projects to areas of the ventral premotor cortex (areas F4 and F5) and to the prefrontal lobe. The functional properties of IPL are in accord with the pattern of anatomical co ...
... In addition, IPL is the main site of convergence of the pathways from the extrastriate visual areas of the dorsal stream. It projects to areas of the ventral premotor cortex (areas F4 and F5) and to the prefrontal lobe. The functional properties of IPL are in accord with the pattern of anatomical co ...
What We Know and Do Not Know about the Functions of the
... Figure 1. Neural responses in both rat and human OFC during reversal learning signal expectations of a subsequent reward outcome. A, Illustration of generic discrimination reversal task in which the subject is presented with two stimuli and on each trial gets to choose one. One of the stimuli, if ch ...
... Figure 1. Neural responses in both rat and human OFC during reversal learning signal expectations of a subsequent reward outcome. A, Illustration of generic discrimination reversal task in which the subject is presented with two stimuli and on each trial gets to choose one. One of the stimuli, if ch ...
PDF
... the ramps. Howe et al. used advanced, albeit indirect, methods to measure dopamine concentration in the striatum. By contrast, many other studies track the firing of dopaminergic neurons by recording electrical activity in the midbrain, where the cell bodies lie (Fig. 1a). Such recordings from rats ...
... the ramps. Howe et al. used advanced, albeit indirect, methods to measure dopamine concentration in the striatum. By contrast, many other studies track the firing of dopaminergic neurons by recording electrical activity in the midbrain, where the cell bodies lie (Fig. 1a). Such recordings from rats ...
leukodystrophy - United Leukodystrophy Foundation
... Leukodystrophies are mostly inherited disorders, meaning that it is passed on from parent to child. They may be inherited in a recessive, dominant, or Xlinked manner, depending on the type of leukodystrophy. The individual pages on each leukodystrophy will describe the particular pattern of inherita ...
... Leukodystrophies are mostly inherited disorders, meaning that it is passed on from parent to child. They may be inherited in a recessive, dominant, or Xlinked manner, depending on the type of leukodystrophy. The individual pages on each leukodystrophy will describe the particular pattern of inherita ...
The habenular nuclei - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... feedback in this circuit: the VTA projects directly to the LHb and also to the nucleus accumbens, which is a source of LHb afferent innervation. Dopaminergic neurons of the SNc project, via the nigrostriatal tract, to the dorsal striatum (caudate/putamen), which in turn connects to the pallidum, a m ...
... feedback in this circuit: the VTA projects directly to the LHb and also to the nucleus accumbens, which is a source of LHb afferent innervation. Dopaminergic neurons of the SNc project, via the nigrostriatal tract, to the dorsal striatum (caudate/putamen), which in turn connects to the pallidum, a m ...
Feedforward and feedback inhibition in neostriatal GABAergic spiny
... afterhyperpolarization and fired rebound spikes following the offset of a hyperpolarizing current pulse delivered when the cell was depolarized (Fig. 4B), characteristics different from those of either PV+ or LTS neurons. Depolarization from rest sometimes evoked a plateau-like potential that did no ...
... afterhyperpolarization and fired rebound spikes following the offset of a hyperpolarizing current pulse delivered when the cell was depolarized (Fig. 4B), characteristics different from those of either PV+ or LTS neurons. Depolarization from rest sometimes evoked a plateau-like potential that did no ...
Changes in the inner and outer retinal layers after acute increase of
... and each bassoon spot in the OPL is associated with its corresponding bipolar dendrite tip pairing. Cross sections from the central retina, close to the optic nerve head, in 5 animals, were photographed. At least seven pictures from different alternate sections at 63 of magnification for TO-PRO imag ...
... and each bassoon spot in the OPL is associated with its corresponding bipolar dendrite tip pairing. Cross sections from the central retina, close to the optic nerve head, in 5 animals, were photographed. At least seven pictures from different alternate sections at 63 of magnification for TO-PRO imag ...
PDF file
... mean a general yet adaptive high-dimensional function approximator. In-place learning is a biological concept rooted in the genomic equivalence principle, meaning that each neuron is fully responsible for its own learning in its environment and there is no need for an external learner. Presented in ...
... mean a general yet adaptive high-dimensional function approximator. In-place learning is a biological concept rooted in the genomic equivalence principle, meaning that each neuron is fully responsible for its own learning in its environment and there is no need for an external learner. Presented in ...
Conserved pattern of tangential neuronal migration
... To examine the source and pattern of the tangentially migrating neurons during early development of the turtle pallium, we analyzed the regional expression of selected developmental genes and studied the migratory patterns in embryonic organotypic slice and explant cultures from stages 14 through 20 ...
... To examine the source and pattern of the tangentially migrating neurons during early development of the turtle pallium, we analyzed the regional expression of selected developmental genes and studied the migratory patterns in embryonic organotypic slice and explant cultures from stages 14 through 20 ...
Study Guide
... 2. What part of the nervous system are the SNS, ANS, and ENS a subdivision of? 3. Know the functions of SNS, ANS, and ENS are they voluntarily controlled or involuntarily. III. Histology of Nervous Tissue 1. Know the structures of neurons and their general functions. 2. Know locations of the structu ...
... 2. What part of the nervous system are the SNS, ANS, and ENS a subdivision of? 3. Know the functions of SNS, ANS, and ENS are they voluntarily controlled or involuntarily. III. Histology of Nervous Tissue 1. Know the structures of neurons and their general functions. 2. Know locations of the structu ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... (Yang et al., 1995), we selectively labeled all γ neurons and a small number of late-born α/β neurons in the mosaic MBs in which distinct clonal units are differentially marked using the UAS>rCD2,y+>mCD8-GFP transgene. We found that GAL4-201Y-positive dendrites extend throughout the clonaldependent ...
... (Yang et al., 1995), we selectively labeled all γ neurons and a small number of late-born α/β neurons in the mosaic MBs in which distinct clonal units are differentially marked using the UAS>rCD2,y+>mCD8-GFP transgene. We found that GAL4-201Y-positive dendrites extend throughout the clonaldependent ...
Topographic Organization of Sensory Projection to the Olfactory Bulb
... within a species. These data support a model in which exposure to a given odorant may result in the stimulation of a spatially restricted set of glomeruli, such that the individual odorants would be associated with specific topographic patterns of activity within the olfactory bulb. Introduction in ...
... within a species. These data support a model in which exposure to a given odorant may result in the stimulation of a spatially restricted set of glomeruli, such that the individual odorants would be associated with specific topographic patterns of activity within the olfactory bulb. Introduction in ...
Spike Train SIMilarity Space (SSIMS): A Framework for Single
... Dimensionality reduction is often accomplished by model fitting, such as by fitting tuning functions. When the model relating neural observations with the behavior or stimulus is unknown, model-free methods such as principal component analysis can be used to gain insight into the relationship. Here ...
... Dimensionality reduction is often accomplished by model fitting, such as by fitting tuning functions. When the model relating neural observations with the behavior or stimulus is unknown, model-free methods such as principal component analysis can be used to gain insight into the relationship. Here ...
Ch 16 - Motivation - Head
... Neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus Somatic motor (behavioral) responses Neurons of lateral hypothalamic area Slide 26 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
... Neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus Somatic motor (behavioral) responses Neurons of lateral hypothalamic area Slide 26 Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Ed, Bear, Connors, and Paradiso Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
projecting to oculomotor regions of the pons Activity of monkey
... 1985; Stanton et al. 1988b). All of these targets are important for the generation of eye movements. Omnipause neurons play a crucial role in the initiation of saccades. The cessation of their high tonic firing lo- 15 ms, before the start of a saccade, enables the saccade generating mechanism to pro ...
... 1985; Stanton et al. 1988b). All of these targets are important for the generation of eye movements. Omnipause neurons play a crucial role in the initiation of saccades. The cessation of their high tonic firing lo- 15 ms, before the start of a saccade, enables the saccade generating mechanism to pro ...
PDF version - UTRGV Faculty Web
... (hereafter “legs,” which includes claws) has been profitably studied since the late nineteenth century (Atwood 1976, Wiens 1989). Because of the ease of removing claws, many studies used the peripheral innervation of the leg muscles to study synaptic physiology (reviewed in Atwood 1976, Atwood 1977) ...
... (hereafter “legs,” which includes claws) has been profitably studied since the late nineteenth century (Atwood 1976, Wiens 1989). Because of the ease of removing claws, many studies used the peripheral innervation of the leg muscles to study synaptic physiology (reviewed in Atwood 1976, Atwood 1977) ...
An Intrinsic Oscillation in Interneurons of the Rat Lateral Geniculate
... low frequencies (1– 4 Hz, the frequency range of delta oscillations in the EEG). The interplay of two conductances, the low-threshold calcium conductance, It, and the hyperpolarization-activated cation conductance, Ih, is crucial for this oscillation (Destexhe et al. 1993; Leresche et al. 1991; McCo ...
... low frequencies (1– 4 Hz, the frequency range of delta oscillations in the EEG). The interplay of two conductances, the low-threshold calcium conductance, It, and the hyperpolarization-activated cation conductance, Ih, is crucial for this oscillation (Destexhe et al. 1993; Leresche et al. 1991; McCo ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... were secured in a stereotaxic frame. A midline incision was made in the scalp and the cervical musculature was retracted. The foramen magnum was opened; removal of the dura and arachnoid membranes exposed the caudal portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle. Extracellular electrophysiological rec ...
... were secured in a stereotaxic frame. A midline incision was made in the scalp and the cervical musculature was retracted. The foramen magnum was opened; removal of the dura and arachnoid membranes exposed the caudal portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle. Extracellular electrophysiological rec ...
Functional Properties of Corticotectal Neurons in the Monkey`s
... field that could drive saccadic eye movements and neural pathways by which these signals could reach brain stem oculomotor centers. However, to understand how the cerebral cortex controls a specific behavior, it is not sufficient to know the types of activity in the cortex and the anatomical project ...
... field that could drive saccadic eye movements and neural pathways by which these signals could reach brain stem oculomotor centers. However, to understand how the cerebral cortex controls a specific behavior, it is not sufficient to know the types of activity in the cortex and the anatomical project ...
resting membrane potential
... Figure 7.4 Functional classes of neurons. Afferent neurons originate in the periphery with sensory or visceral receptors. The peripheral axons of afferent neurons are part of the peripheral nervous system, but the axon terminals are located in the central nervous system, where they communicate with ...
... Figure 7.4 Functional classes of neurons. Afferent neurons originate in the periphery with sensory or visceral receptors. The peripheral axons of afferent neurons are part of the peripheral nervous system, but the axon terminals are located in the central nervous system, where they communicate with ...
Prediction error for free monetary reward in the human prefrontal
... Studies in both humans and nonhuman primates have shown that frontostriatal circuits are important for mediating the influence of reward expectation on the selection and preparation of actions. Specific dopamine-rich regions within the prefrontal cortex (Goldman-Rakic et al., 1992; Lidow et al., 199 ...
... Studies in both humans and nonhuman primates have shown that frontostriatal circuits are important for mediating the influence of reward expectation on the selection and preparation of actions. Specific dopamine-rich regions within the prefrontal cortex (Goldman-Rakic et al., 1992; Lidow et al., 199 ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.