Pierre Berthet Computational Modeling of the Basal Ganglia – Functional Pathways
... better representation of the world in order to compute the best motor response possible in that environment. One thing seems certain, there is only trough motor output that one can interact on and influence the environment (Wolpert et al., 1995). It has furthermore been proposed that the functional ...
... better representation of the world in order to compute the best motor response possible in that environment. One thing seems certain, there is only trough motor output that one can interact on and influence the environment (Wolpert et al., 1995). It has furthermore been proposed that the functional ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... thalamic reticular nucleus, which appears to gate information between the thalamus and the cortex. The third is the specialized connection of the posterior orbitofrontal cortex with the amygdala, which has a key role in emotional processes. Excitatory Prefrontal Pathways In primates, the pathways th ...
... thalamic reticular nucleus, which appears to gate information between the thalamus and the cortex. The third is the specialized connection of the posterior orbitofrontal cortex with the amygdala, which has a key role in emotional processes. Excitatory Prefrontal Pathways In primates, the pathways th ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... been reported to act through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors well-established electrophysiological criteria (Bunney et al., 1973; Grace (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., ...
... been reported to act through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors well-established electrophysiological criteria (Bunney et al., 1973; Grace (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., ...
Leap 2 - Entire - Teacher Enrichment Initiatives
... of a negative feedback loop. In a negative feedback loop, an action will continue until something tells it to stop. The thermostat on an air conditioner works this way. When the temperature becomes too warm, the air conditioner will start to run. When the thermostat senses that the temperature has b ...
... of a negative feedback loop. In a negative feedback loop, an action will continue until something tells it to stop. The thermostat on an air conditioner works this way. When the temperature becomes too warm, the air conditioner will start to run. When the thermostat senses that the temperature has b ...
Signaling of Cell Death and Cell Survival Following Focal Cerebral
... (11). However, c-fos mRNA is induced even after a transient episode of focal ischemia that has no lethal effects on the brain (12). Moreover, c-Fos protein is expressed in neurons of the penumbra. Many of these cells co-localize inducible HSP-70 protein, but the targets of c-Fos, acting on AP-1 sequ ...
... (11). However, c-fos mRNA is induced even after a transient episode of focal ischemia that has no lethal effects on the brain (12). Moreover, c-Fos protein is expressed in neurons of the penumbra. Many of these cells co-localize inducible HSP-70 protein, but the targets of c-Fos, acting on AP-1 sequ ...
disparity detection from stereo
... stimuli to enhance their visual perception. In the real world, objects do not come into and disappear from the field of view randomly, but rather, they typically move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, however, valu ...
... stimuli to enhance their visual perception. In the real world, objects do not come into and disappear from the field of view randomly, but rather, they typically move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, however, valu ...
Model of Cortical-Basal Ganglionic Processing: Encoding the Serial
... ganglionic processing: encoding the serial order of sensory events. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 3168–3188, 1998. Several lines of evidence suggest that the prefrontal (PF) cortex and basal ganglia are important in cognitive aspects of serial order in behavior. We present a modular neural network model of t ...
... ganglionic processing: encoding the serial order of sensory events. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 3168–3188, 1998. Several lines of evidence suggest that the prefrontal (PF) cortex and basal ganglia are important in cognitive aspects of serial order in behavior. We present a modular neural network model of t ...
Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Neuronal Cell Death in
... stress and vehicle; (iii) chemicals alone; and (iv) vehicle alone. All animals were evaluated for: (i) the disruption of the blood– brain barrier (BBB) using intravenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections and endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) immunostaining; (ii) neuronal cell death using H&E s ...
... stress and vehicle; (iii) chemicals alone; and (iv) vehicle alone. All animals were evaluated for: (i) the disruption of the blood– brain barrier (BBB) using intravenous horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections and endothelial barrier antigen (EBA) immunostaining; (ii) neuronal cell death using H&E s ...
A Point Process Model for Auditory Neurons Considering
... containing the most salient factors to neural spiking activity and use the fitted model to evaluate the relative importance of the factors. Two key factors or covariates to consider in standard neurophysiology experiments are the intrinsic dynamics of the neuron such as the absolute and relative ref ...
... containing the most salient factors to neural spiking activity and use the fitted model to evaluate the relative importance of the factors. Two key factors or covariates to consider in standard neurophysiology experiments are the intrinsic dynamics of the neuron such as the absolute and relative ref ...
Head Direction Cells in the Postsubiculum Do Not Show Replay... Prior Waking Sequences During Sleep of spatial information. Postsubiculum neurons are
... (REM) sleep, hippocampal place cells in the rat show replay of sequences previously observed during waking. We tested the hypothesis from computational modeling that the temporal structure of REM sleep replay could arise from an interplay of place cells with head direction cells in the postsubiculum ...
... (REM) sleep, hippocampal place cells in the rat show replay of sequences previously observed during waking. We tested the hypothesis from computational modeling that the temporal structure of REM sleep replay could arise from an interplay of place cells with head direction cells in the postsubiculum ...
Loss of cell adhesion molecule CHL1 improves homeostatic
... homeostasis responses to hypoxia using CHL1-knockout (CHL1 / ) mice. We found that, compared with wild-type littermates, CHL1 / mice showed a dramatically lower mortality rate and an augmented ventilatory response after they were subjected to AH. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that CHL ...
... homeostasis responses to hypoxia using CHL1-knockout (CHL1 / ) mice. We found that, compared with wild-type littermates, CHL1 / mice showed a dramatically lower mortality rate and an augmented ventilatory response after they were subjected to AH. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that CHL ...
Chapter 6 The peripheral nervous system Unit
... parts of the nervous system are the central nervous system (discussed in Chapter 5) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system, the control centre, consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the nerves that connect the central nervous system with the receptors, muscles and gland ...
... parts of the nervous system are the central nervous system (discussed in Chapter 5) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system, the control centre, consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the nerves that connect the central nervous system with the receptors, muscles and gland ...
PREFERENTIAL POTENTIATION OF WEAKER INPUTS TO PRIMARY
... PTx - pertussis toxin treatment TBS - theta burst stimulation V1 - primary visual cortex ...
... PTx - pertussis toxin treatment TBS - theta burst stimulation V1 - primary visual cortex ...
Control of breathing by interacting pontine and
... Bilateral injections of NMDA antagonists (MK-801 and AP-5) into the rostral pons reversibly increase the duration of inspiration in vagotomized rats, and this increase is dose-dependent (Fung et al., 1994). This suggests that the rostral pons contains neurons with NMDA-receptors participating in the ...
... Bilateral injections of NMDA antagonists (MK-801 and AP-5) into the rostral pons reversibly increase the duration of inspiration in vagotomized rats, and this increase is dose-dependent (Fung et al., 1994). This suggests that the rostral pons contains neurons with NMDA-receptors participating in the ...
Using Music to Tap Into a Universal Neural Grammar
... structures and exist across a range of frequency bands suggests that the frequency-based component of rhythms serves an important functional role in coordinating large scale brain activity. Temporal Codes Neuronal oscillations in the gamma frequency band may be important for integrating short-term p ...
... structures and exist across a range of frequency bands suggests that the frequency-based component of rhythms serves an important functional role in coordinating large scale brain activity. Temporal Codes Neuronal oscillations in the gamma frequency band may be important for integrating short-term p ...
Pheromone signaling in the fruit fly Drosophila
... The term ‘pheromone’ was made by combining the greek words meaning ‘to carry’ and ‘to stimulate or excite’, and this gives an accurate idea of what pheromones are: molecules released by one individual that elicit a specific reaction in another individual of the same species (Wyatt 2003). These molec ...
... The term ‘pheromone’ was made by combining the greek words meaning ‘to carry’ and ‘to stimulate or excite’, and this gives an accurate idea of what pheromones are: molecules released by one individual that elicit a specific reaction in another individual of the same species (Wyatt 2003). These molec ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... penetration. Since alcohol pretreatment is incompatible with GAD immunoreactive labeling of cell bodies, this issue was not addressed with the GAD antiserum. The relationship between the distribution of GABA and GAD immunoreactive neurons and the cytochrome-rich patches of lamina 3 was analyzed with ...
... penetration. Since alcohol pretreatment is incompatible with GAD immunoreactive labeling of cell bodies, this issue was not addressed with the GAD antiserum. The relationship between the distribution of GABA and GAD immunoreactive neurons and the cytochrome-rich patches of lamina 3 was analyzed with ...
Comparison of Quantities: Core and Format
... pattern of number processing (see Halberda and Feigenson 2008 for behavioral data; Cantlon et al. 2010 for an fMRI demonstration). Finally, research convincingly shows that the processing of quantities in the IPS is inherited from animals (see Nieder 2005 for a review). Hence, one purpose of the pre ...
... pattern of number processing (see Halberda and Feigenson 2008 for behavioral data; Cantlon et al. 2010 for an fMRI demonstration). Finally, research convincingly shows that the processing of quantities in the IPS is inherited from animals (see Nieder 2005 for a review). Hence, one purpose of the pre ...
Multipolar Migration: The Third Mode of Radial Neuronal
... 1.8 m/hr (Fig. 3B, arrow). The behavior of the multipolar cells in the lateral cortex was basically similar to their behavior in the dorsomedial cortex (data not shown). However, in CAGDsRedExpress/E14.5:E18 brains, we observed that many of the migrating cells in the CP had radially oriented bipola ...
... 1.8 m/hr (Fig. 3B, arrow). The behavior of the multipolar cells in the lateral cortex was basically similar to their behavior in the dorsomedial cortex (data not shown). However, in CAGDsRedExpress/E14.5:E18 brains, we observed that many of the migrating cells in the CP had radially oriented bipola ...
HTM Neuron paper 12-1
... consider a population of 200K cells where 1% (2,000) of the cells are active at any point in time. We want a neuron to detect when a particular pattern occurs in the 200K cells. If a section of the neuron’s dendrite forms new synapses to just 10 of the 2,000 active cells, and the threshold for gener ...
... consider a population of 200K cells where 1% (2,000) of the cells are active at any point in time. We want a neuron to detect when a particular pattern occurs in the 200K cells. If a section of the neuron’s dendrite forms new synapses to just 10 of the 2,000 active cells, and the threshold for gener ...
12 - William M. Clark, M.D
... • Ventral horns—somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots • Lateral horns (only in thoracic and lumbar regions) –sympathetic neurons • Dorsal root (spinal) gangia—contain cell bodies of sensory neurons ...
... • Ventral horns—somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots • Lateral horns (only in thoracic and lumbar regions) –sympathetic neurons • Dorsal root (spinal) gangia—contain cell bodies of sensory neurons ...
Neural basis of sensorimotor learning: modifying
... The simplest learning tasks are related to the classical notion that sensorimotor learning involves the generation of new associations between stimuli (S) and responses (R). Obviously we could learn to stop for a green light instead of a red one. Learning a new arbitrary association changes the cate ...
... The simplest learning tasks are related to the classical notion that sensorimotor learning involves the generation of new associations between stimuli (S) and responses (R). Obviously we could learn to stop for a green light instead of a red one. Learning a new arbitrary association changes the cate ...
15 - phschool.com
... nerves are illustrated in Table 13.2. The extrinsic eye muscles are among the most precisely and rapidly controlled skeletal muscles in the entire body. This precision reflects their high axon-to-muscle-fiber ratio: the motor units of these muscles contain only 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases ...
... nerves are illustrated in Table 13.2. The extrinsic eye muscles are among the most precisely and rapidly controlled skeletal muscles in the entire body. This precision reflects their high axon-to-muscle-fiber ratio: the motor units of these muscles contain only 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases ...
Joseph and Heberlein 1 Tissue-specific Activation of a
... insect species (Wink 1990; Detzel and Wink 1993). Furthermore, bitter-sensing Gr66aexpressing sensory neurons in the Drosophila gustatory system have been shown to detect lobeline (Lee et al. 2010). Thus, when employed with a two-choice assay that concurrently measures positional and egg-laying pref ...
... insect species (Wink 1990; Detzel and Wink 1993). Furthermore, bitter-sensing Gr66aexpressing sensory neurons in the Drosophila gustatory system have been shown to detect lobeline (Lee et al. 2010). Thus, when employed with a two-choice assay that concurrently measures positional and egg-laying pref ...
The Location of Extrinsic Afferent and Efferent Neurons Innervating
... project to the proximal colon (this study, 25) via the inferior coeliac nerves (25), and it is probable that primary afferents projecting to the proximal colon from thoracic ganglia follow this more cranial route. Although, Altschuler et al. (20) detected labelled afferent nerve terminals in the nuc ...
... project to the proximal colon (this study, 25) via the inferior coeliac nerves (25), and it is probable that primary afferents projecting to the proximal colon from thoracic ganglia follow this more cranial route. Although, Altschuler et al. (20) detected labelled afferent nerve terminals in the nuc ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.