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... site and the labeled fibers. In our experiments, we observed that, after injections of biotinylated PHA-L into the pontine nuclei, we could not stain the injection site. It was possible, however, to locate the tissue damage by the pipette tip, so we could identify the location of the injection site ...
... site and the labeled fibers. In our experiments, we observed that, after injections of biotinylated PHA-L into the pontine nuclei, we could not stain the injection site. It was possible, however, to locate the tissue damage by the pipette tip, so we could identify the location of the injection site ...
A STUDY OF PRO- AND ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE FACTORS IN A MODEL... ASSOCIATED VISCERAL PAIN by Jessica Rose Benson
... cord segments T9-T13 is increased following acute and chronic DSS colitis............ 39 Figure 9. Substance P (SP) immunoreactivity in the central canal of the thoracic spinal cord segments T9-T13 is increased following acute, chronic, and post-chronic DSS colitis................................... ...
... cord segments T9-T13 is increased following acute and chronic DSS colitis............ 39 Figure 9. Substance P (SP) immunoreactivity in the central canal of the thoracic spinal cord segments T9-T13 is increased following acute, chronic, and post-chronic DSS colitis................................... ...
Neural processes underlying conscious perception
... So, there seems to be a dissociation between sensory areas which are still evoked, although more weakly, by non-conscious stimuli, and higher areas, in the parietal, frontal and cingulate cortex, that appear to be specifically involved in conscious perception. Some studies also highlight the fact tha ...
... So, there seems to be a dissociation between sensory areas which are still evoked, although more weakly, by non-conscious stimuli, and higher areas, in the parietal, frontal and cingulate cortex, that appear to be specifically involved in conscious perception. Some studies also highlight the fact tha ...
A Taxonomy of the Evolution of Artificial Neural Systems Helmut A
... the borders between the different evolutionary techniques have more and more vanished, thus the term Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) should be used describing a method based on artificial evolution. Specifically, when evolving ANS components, the blending of techniques becomes obvious, as an ANN could b ...
... the borders between the different evolutionary techniques have more and more vanished, thus the term Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) should be used describing a method based on artificial evolution. Specifically, when evolving ANS components, the blending of techniques becomes obvious, as an ANN could b ...
The Physiology of the Senses Lecture 6 Visually Guided Actions
... The activation of these areas direct one's Figure 6. 1 Convergence of the “Where” S treams attention to locations, but the selection of the in the Posterior Parietal Cortex A: The visual information appropriate effector (e.g. which arm to reach is initially coded in a retinotopic (eye centered) fram ...
... The activation of these areas direct one's Figure 6. 1 Convergence of the “Where” S treams attention to locations, but the selection of the in the Posterior Parietal Cortex A: The visual information appropriate effector (e.g. which arm to reach is initially coded in a retinotopic (eye centered) fram ...
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
... cholinergic agonists in immune cells, including astrocytes, and inhibition of astrocyte activation has been proposed as a novel strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as PD. The objective of the present study was to determine whether nicotine-induced neuroprotection in the 1- ...
... cholinergic agonists in immune cells, including astrocytes, and inhibition of astrocyte activation has been proposed as a novel strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as PD. The objective of the present study was to determine whether nicotine-induced neuroprotection in the 1- ...
When inhibition not excitation synchronizes neural firing
... synchronizes spiking is the rise time of the synaptic response. In models with instantaneous (zero rise times) or extremely rapid synaptic responses, excitatory coupling leads to synchronization. However, if synaptic rise times are slower than the width of an action potential, we find that inhibitio ...
... synchronizes spiking is the rise time of the synaptic response. In models with instantaneous (zero rise times) or extremely rapid synaptic responses, excitatory coupling leads to synchronization. However, if synaptic rise times are slower than the width of an action potential, we find that inhibitio ...
Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy With Spontaneous
... charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
... charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. ...
Jason Pitt - University of Evansville Faculty Web sites
... Formation of gross body structures is an easily seen outcome of apoptosis, but there are also many unseen systems that are “sculpted” by apoptosis. During prenatal development, the lungs do not serve as the major hub of gas exchange as in adults. There is a major rearrangement in the lungs necessary ...
... Formation of gross body structures is an easily seen outcome of apoptosis, but there are also many unseen systems that are “sculpted” by apoptosis. During prenatal development, the lungs do not serve as the major hub of gas exchange as in adults. There is a major rearrangement in the lungs necessary ...
Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education
... the entire body is composed of cells, each type of cell has a special purpose and function and, therefore, a special structure. For example, skin cells are flat, but muscle cells are long and stretchy. Most cells have three things in common: a nucleus, a cell body, and a cell membrane holding it all ...
... the entire body is composed of cells, each type of cell has a special purpose and function and, therefore, a special structure. For example, skin cells are flat, but muscle cells are long and stretchy. Most cells have three things in common: a nucleus, a cell body, and a cell membrane holding it all ...
Inan et al., 2006
... PKARII homozygous knock-out mice of the sixth backcross generation of the incipient C57BL/6-pkar2b⫺/⫺ 98% congenic inbred strain were originally generated by Dr. Stanley McKnight (University of Washington, Seattle, WA) (Brandon et al., 1998) and obtained commercially from Taconic Farms (Germantown, ...
... PKARII homozygous knock-out mice of the sixth backcross generation of the incipient C57BL/6-pkar2b⫺/⫺ 98% congenic inbred strain were originally generated by Dr. Stanley McKnight (University of Washington, Seattle, WA) (Brandon et al., 1998) and obtained commercially from Taconic Farms (Germantown, ...
Antinociceptive Action of Nitrous Oxide Is Mediated
... The same light stimulus intensity was used for all experiments in a given strain, having been preset at an intensity that elicited a mean latency of 2.9 –3.2 sec in room air. To avoid the possibility of tissue damage, a cutoff time of 10 sec was used; if no response had occurred by this time, a valu ...
... The same light stimulus intensity was used for all experiments in a given strain, having been preset at an intensity that elicited a mean latency of 2.9 –3.2 sec in room air. To avoid the possibility of tissue damage, a cutoff time of 10 sec was used; if no response had occurred by this time, a valu ...
Synchronisation hubs in the visual cortex may arise from strong
... To quantify the oscillation strength of the recorded neuronal responses, we computed the oscillation score, as described previously (Muresan et al., 2008). In brief, this measure is based on analysing the power spectrum of autocorrelation histograms (ACHs) computed with 1-ms resolution (see below). ...
... To quantify the oscillation strength of the recorded neuronal responses, we computed the oscillation score, as described previously (Muresan et al., 2008). In brief, this measure is based on analysing the power spectrum of autocorrelation histograms (ACHs) computed with 1-ms resolution (see below). ...
Mechanisms of Magnetic Stimulation of Central Nervous System
... funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ...
... funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ...
031809.M1-CNS.HypothalmusLimbicSystem
... the anterior nucleus of the thalamus through the mammillothalamic tract. Damage to the mammillary bodies and their connections with the hippocampus produces anterograde amnesia (as seen in Korsakoff’s syndrome). ...
... the anterior nucleus of the thalamus through the mammillothalamic tract. Damage to the mammillary bodies and their connections with the hippocampus produces anterograde amnesia (as seen in Korsakoff’s syndrome). ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
... GanDexon3)5 mice exhibited progressive decline of motor function with onset between 6 and 10 months and with occasional spasticity. However, the GanDexon3)5 mice were maintained in a very heterogenous genetic background and some of them did not develop overt neurological defects (Yang et al. 2007). ...
... GanDexon3)5 mice exhibited progressive decline of motor function with onset between 6 and 10 months and with occasional spasticity. However, the GanDexon3)5 mice were maintained in a very heterogenous genetic background and some of them did not develop overt neurological defects (Yang et al. 2007). ...
The tetrapartite synapse_ Extracellular matrix remodeling
... and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA). ...
... and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA). ...
Document
... Chemoreceptors (fibers) sensitive to acid, glucose and amino acids have been demonstrated which, in essence, allows "tasting" of lumenal contents. Sensory receptors (fibers) in muscle respond to stretch and tension ...
... Chemoreceptors (fibers) sensitive to acid, glucose and amino acids have been demonstrated which, in essence, allows "tasting" of lumenal contents. Sensory receptors (fibers) in muscle respond to stretch and tension ...
The role of synaptic ion channels in synaptic
... through their calcium component or indirectly by contributing to postsynaptic depolarization. Notably, unlike NMDA receptors, nAChRs are not blocked by Mg2+ at negative resting potentials; therefore, postsynaptic nAChR activity might assist the removal of the Mg2+ block from NMDA receptors and facil ...
... through their calcium component or indirectly by contributing to postsynaptic depolarization. Notably, unlike NMDA receptors, nAChRs are not blocked by Mg2+ at negative resting potentials; therefore, postsynaptic nAChR activity might assist the removal of the Mg2+ block from NMDA receptors and facil ...
Representation of Number in Animals and Humans: A Neural Model
... strongly to) a specific number of objects. The critical properties of these number-selective neurons are the following. First, they act like filters over numerosity: Neurons that are most responsive to a particular numerosity x also react somewhat weaker to numerosities x 1 and x + 1, still somew ...
... strongly to) a specific number of objects. The critical properties of these number-selective neurons are the following. First, they act like filters over numerosity: Neurons that are most responsive to a particular numerosity x also react somewhat weaker to numerosities x 1 and x + 1, still somew ...
Fig. 1 - Journal of Neuroscience
... gave germ-line transmission of the targeted allele. The Neomycin cassette was successfully removed by crossing the Mpp3F/⫹ mice with a transgenic mouse that expressed flippase recombinase (FLP) in the germ line [129S4/SvJaeSor–t(ROSA)26Sortm1(FLP1)Dym/J mice; The Jackson Laboratory]. All mice were m ...
... gave germ-line transmission of the targeted allele. The Neomycin cassette was successfully removed by crossing the Mpp3F/⫹ mice with a transgenic mouse that expressed flippase recombinase (FLP) in the germ line [129S4/SvJaeSor–t(ROSA)26Sortm1(FLP1)Dym/J mice; The Jackson Laboratory]. All mice were m ...
Total Wiring Length Minimization of C. elegans Neural
... not significantly vary from animal to animal. In particular, number of neurons (302) in the hermaphrodite worm is consistent across the individuals [1, 2], and synapses (both chemical synapses and electric gap junctions) are stereotypical with more than 75% reproducibility [3]. This consistency make ...
... not significantly vary from animal to animal. In particular, number of neurons (302) in the hermaphrodite worm is consistent across the individuals [1, 2], and synapses (both chemical synapses and electric gap junctions) are stereotypical with more than 75% reproducibility [3]. This consistency make ...
ACETYLOCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE NUCLEI OF THE
... The above mentioned histochemical data make possible a more precise delimination of the basal dorsal nucleus. Comparing our histochemical and cytoarchitectonic results with Brodal's description (Brodal 1947) we found striking differences. The basal dorsal nucleus of our subdivision comprises Brodal' ...
... The above mentioned histochemical data make possible a more precise delimination of the basal dorsal nucleus. Comparing our histochemical and cytoarchitectonic results with Brodal's description (Brodal 1947) we found striking differences. The basal dorsal nucleus of our subdivision comprises Brodal' ...
Sensitization of the Trigeminal Sensory System During Different
... Background.—The specific mechanisms through which ovarian hormones trigger menstrual migraine are currently unknown. Past animal studies have suggested that the response properties of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) may change during the different phases of the rat estrous cycle, but none have ...
... Background.—The specific mechanisms through which ovarian hormones trigger menstrual migraine are currently unknown. Past animal studies have suggested that the response properties of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) may change during the different phases of the rat estrous cycle, but none have ...
The brain timewise: how timing shapes and supports brain function
... models of local and network activity. Merging both spatial and temporal information with increasing accuracy and carrying out recordings in naturalistic conditions, including social interaction, will bring much new information about human brain function. ...
... models of local and network activity. Merging both spatial and temporal information with increasing accuracy and carrying out recordings in naturalistic conditions, including social interaction, will bring much new information about human brain function. ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.