In LHRH neurons
... There are about 2000 neurons in hypothalamus that contain LHRH. Early studies have suggested that the pulse generator is physically located in the medialbasal hypothalamus. ...
... There are about 2000 neurons in hypothalamus that contain LHRH. Early studies have suggested that the pulse generator is physically located in the medialbasal hypothalamus. ...
PDF Format
... component in the contralateral cortex. We view this result as the electrophysiological correlate of a disynaptic excitatory pathway consisting of crossed cortical projections, first relayed in contralateral dorsal thalamic nuclei. 3. The patterns of thalamic spindles (7- 14 Hz) differed between the ...
... component in the contralateral cortex. We view this result as the electrophysiological correlate of a disynaptic excitatory pathway consisting of crossed cortical projections, first relayed in contralateral dorsal thalamic nuclei. 3. The patterns of thalamic spindles (7- 14 Hz) differed between the ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... layers of the SC, which process visual information. To isolate inputs to the purely visual layers in the superficial SC from those inputs to the motor and multisensory layers deeper in the SC, two injections were placed to include the intermediate and deep layers of the SC. In another case, an injec ...
... layers of the SC, which process visual information. To isolate inputs to the purely visual layers in the superficial SC from those inputs to the motor and multisensory layers deeper in the SC, two injections were placed to include the intermediate and deep layers of the SC. In another case, an injec ...
Broken Mirrors: A Theory of Autism
... These findings provide compelling evidence that people with autism have dysfunctional mirror neuron systems. vide compelling evidence that people with autism have dysfunctional mirror neuron systems. Scientists do not yet know which genetic and environmental risk factors can prevent the development o ...
... These findings provide compelling evidence that people with autism have dysfunctional mirror neuron systems. vide compelling evidence that people with autism have dysfunctional mirror neuron systems. Scientists do not yet know which genetic and environmental risk factors can prevent the development o ...
Neural correlates for perception of 3d surface orientation from texture
... disparity signals have been found in the parietal (11, 12) and temporal (13, 14) association cortices. However, binocular disparity is not the only cue for depth perception, because we can perceive depth even with one eye closed. Gibson (15) has proposed that texture gradient is an important cue for ...
... disparity signals have been found in the parietal (11, 12) and temporal (13, 14) association cortices. However, binocular disparity is not the only cue for depth perception, because we can perceive depth even with one eye closed. Gibson (15) has proposed that texture gradient is an important cue for ...
Development - Publications Repository
... (G-I) merged images. (A,D,G) In wild type, neural crest cells avoided the head mesenchyme at the level of r3 (bracket in A), but migrated ventrally in close proximity to the anterior cardinal vein (arrows in D). Vascular patterning in the head appeared disorganised in Nrp1-null mutants (E) compared ...
... (G-I) merged images. (A,D,G) In wild type, neural crest cells avoided the head mesenchyme at the level of r3 (bracket in A), but migrated ventrally in close proximity to the anterior cardinal vein (arrows in D). Vascular patterning in the head appeared disorganised in Nrp1-null mutants (E) compared ...
Abstract 1. Introduction Temporal dynamics of perception and the
... able to rapidly initiate behavioral responses, even in the absence of perfect, or detailed, information. ...
... able to rapidly initiate behavioral responses, even in the absence of perfect, or detailed, information. ...
Chapter 8
... Axons: undergo action potentials to deliver information, typically neurotransmitters, from the axon terminals. ...
... Axons: undergo action potentials to deliver information, typically neurotransmitters, from the axon terminals. ...
Neurons - Cloudfront.net
... The principle way neurons communicate is by generating and propagating ACTION POTENTIALS (AP). Only cells with excitable membranes (like muscle cells and neurons) can generate APs. ...
... The principle way neurons communicate is by generating and propagating ACTION POTENTIALS (AP). Only cells with excitable membranes (like muscle cells and neurons) can generate APs. ...
Pyrokinin/PBAN-like peptides in the central nervous system of
... The CNS of members of the family of Culicidae consists of a two lobed brain connected to the VNC which contains the SEG, thoracic ganglia, and abdominal ganglia.. All species of mosquitoes examined had a similar morphological architecture. Larval mosquitoes have eight abdominal ganglia whereas adult ...
... The CNS of members of the family of Culicidae consists of a two lobed brain connected to the VNC which contains the SEG, thoracic ganglia, and abdominal ganglia.. All species of mosquitoes examined had a similar morphological architecture. Larval mosquitoes have eight abdominal ganglia whereas adult ...
Cognition without a Neural Code: How a Folded Electromagnetic Fields
... clear how interlocking webs of neurons can represent one discrete “subunit” in an instant while suppressing all other representations. An even deeper mystery is how modification of synapses while thought is in progress can turn a mass of electrical activity into thought. Synaptic change does not pro ...
... clear how interlocking webs of neurons can represent one discrete “subunit” in an instant while suppressing all other representations. An even deeper mystery is how modification of synapses while thought is in progress can turn a mass of electrical activity into thought. Synaptic change does not pro ...
error backpropagation algorithm
... activation functions with larger values of λ may yield results with larger learning constant. So it is advisable to keep λ fixed at 1 and control only the learning constant, rather than controlling both. Effect of learning rate Affects the convergence of BPA. A larger value of α speeds up the conver ...
... activation functions with larger values of λ may yield results with larger learning constant. So it is advisable to keep λ fixed at 1 and control only the learning constant, rather than controlling both. Effect of learning rate Affects the convergence of BPA. A larger value of α speeds up the conver ...
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires
... was 62% in NT3-/- compared to 33% in BDNF-/- muscles (Table 1). Masticatory muscles differed in the extent of their spindle deficiency in mutant mice, particularly in NT3-deficient mutants. The superficial masseter showed a 75% loss whereas the zygomaticomandibularis showed only a 47% loss of spindl ...
... was 62% in NT3-/- compared to 33% in BDNF-/- muscles (Table 1). Masticatory muscles differed in the extent of their spindle deficiency in mutant mice, particularly in NT3-deficient mutants. The superficial masseter showed a 75% loss whereas the zygomaticomandibularis showed only a 47% loss of spindl ...
Neurons - Images
... When the threshold stimulus is applied to an axon it responds completely by conducting the impulse (all-or-nothing response). The result is that all impulses carried on a particular axon is of the same strength. Greater intensity of stimulation triggers more impulses per second, not stronger impulse ...
... When the threshold stimulus is applied to an axon it responds completely by conducting the impulse (all-or-nothing response). The result is that all impulses carried on a particular axon is of the same strength. Greater intensity of stimulation triggers more impulses per second, not stronger impulse ...
neuronal coding of prediction errors
... outcomes (reward, punishment, behavioral reactions, external stimuli, internal states). Outcomes whose magnitude or frequency is different than predicted modify behavior in a direction that reduces the discrepancy between the outcome and its prediction. Changes in predictions and behavior continue u ...
... outcomes (reward, punishment, behavioral reactions, external stimuli, internal states). Outcomes whose magnitude or frequency is different than predicted modify behavior in a direction that reduces the discrepancy between the outcome and its prediction. Changes in predictions and behavior continue u ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
... Aging has a significant impact on DMH function. The DMH has been known to regulate body temperature (Zaretskaia et al., 2003; Morrison et al., 2008; Enriori et al., 2011), food-anticipating activity (Gooley et al., 2006; Acosta-Galvan et al., 2011), autonomic stress responses (Ulrich-Lai & Herman, 2 ...
... Aging has a significant impact on DMH function. The DMH has been known to regulate body temperature (Zaretskaia et al., 2003; Morrison et al., 2008; Enriori et al., 2011), food-anticipating activity (Gooley et al., 2006; Acosta-Galvan et al., 2011), autonomic stress responses (Ulrich-Lai & Herman, 2 ...
The C. elegans Connectome Consists of Homogenous Circuits with
... (CNR) in which a pair of neurons is more likely to be connected the more common neighbors it shares. Focusing on the fully-mapped neural network of C. elegans worms, we establish that the CNR is an emerging property in this connectome. Moreover, sets of common neighbors form homogenous structures th ...
... (CNR) in which a pair of neurons is more likely to be connected the more common neighbors it shares. Focusing on the fully-mapped neural network of C. elegans worms, we establish that the CNR is an emerging property in this connectome. Moreover, sets of common neighbors form homogenous structures th ...
Some historical perspectives on thermoregulation
... ability to sense temperature developed very early in phylogeny; by studying simple unicellular organisms, researchers can find clues to mechanisms that may parallel the events of thermal perception in multicellular organisms. Recent studies (40) in Paramecium have shown that various ion channels are ...
... ability to sense temperature developed very early in phylogeny; by studying simple unicellular organisms, researchers can find clues to mechanisms that may parallel the events of thermal perception in multicellular organisms. Recent studies (40) in Paramecium have shown that various ion channels are ...
MSc Thesis Template Document
... Figure 40 Synapse or Syndesis or Synapsis .................................................................................. 37 Figure 41 The Synaptic Gap at a Synapse .................................................................................... 38 Figure 42 Neurons: Synapses in the Neural Ne ...
... Figure 40 Synapse or Syndesis or Synapsis .................................................................................. 37 Figure 41 The Synaptic Gap at a Synapse .................................................................................... 38 Figure 42 Neurons: Synapses in the Neural Ne ...
Genesis and Control of the Respiratory Rhythm in Adult
... France; and 2Faculty of Biology, Department of Physiology and Zoology, University of Seville, 41012 Sevilla, Spain ...
... France; and 2Faculty of Biology, Department of Physiology and Zoology, University of Seville, 41012 Sevilla, Spain ...
Principles of Extracellular Single
... with behaviors or physiological events. Electrical or chemical stimulation of identified cell populations at the recording site can also be used to determine the effects of cell activity on behavior or physiology. As with any methodology, there are limits to the kinds of questions that can be addres ...
... with behaviors or physiological events. Electrical or chemical stimulation of identified cell populations at the recording site can also be used to determine the effects of cell activity on behavior or physiology. As with any methodology, there are limits to the kinds of questions that can be addres ...
Hunger Modulates the Responses to Gustatory Stimuli
... caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex (secondary) taste area. Then sensory-specific satiety occurs because in this caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex taste area (but not earlier in the taste system) it is a property of the synapses that repeated stimulation results in a decreased neuronal response. 6. Ev ...
... caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex (secondary) taste area. Then sensory-specific satiety occurs because in this caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex taste area (but not earlier in the taste system) it is a property of the synapses that repeated stimulation results in a decreased neuronal response. 6. Ev ...
Note - Reza Shadmehr
... Slide 8. Spike-triggered averaging allows one to measure the twitch tension produced by a single motor unit. In this experiment, an electrode is inserted into the thumb flexor muscle and the electrical signals are amplified. A force transducer is inserted between the thumb and the index finger. Ever ...
... Slide 8. Spike-triggered averaging allows one to measure the twitch tension produced by a single motor unit. In this experiment, an electrode is inserted into the thumb flexor muscle and the electrical signals are amplified. A force transducer is inserted between the thumb and the index finger. Ever ...
the primate amygdala and reinforcement: a
... be particularly evident when the association must be made between a previously neutral (e.g. visual) stimulus and primary reinforcement (e.g. the taste of food). (When the testing is performed in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus, amygdala lesions may not produce significant deficits partly because ...
... be particularly evident when the association must be made between a previously neutral (e.g. visual) stimulus and primary reinforcement (e.g. the taste of food). (When the testing is performed in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus, amygdala lesions may not produce significant deficits partly because ...
Spatial and temporal frequency selectivity of neurons in
... Information about the responses of neurons to the spatial and temporal frequencies of visual stimuli is important for understanding the types of computations being performed in different visual areas. We characterized the spatiotemporal selectivity of neurons in the middle temporal area (MT), which ...
... Information about the responses of neurons to the spatial and temporal frequencies of visual stimuli is important for understanding the types of computations being performed in different visual areas. We characterized the spatiotemporal selectivity of neurons in the middle temporal area (MT), which ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.