The Cholinergic Hypothesis of Age and Alzheimer`s Disease
... Since neither ChAT nor AChE are rate-limiting cholinergic enzymes, they are unlikely to accurately reflect cholinergic function in the living patient, and a host of factors that were not assessed (or even mentioned in these studies) could be compromised in cholinergic neurons before changes in these ...
... Since neither ChAT nor AChE are rate-limiting cholinergic enzymes, they are unlikely to accurately reflect cholinergic function in the living patient, and a host of factors that were not assessed (or even mentioned in these studies) could be compromised in cholinergic neurons before changes in these ...
Cardiovascular and autonomic modulation by
... GABAA antagonist bicuculline were attenuated by exercise training. These data indicate that alterations in neurotransmission at the level of the NTS significantly contribute to cardiovascular and autonomic regulation after chronic exercise. The authors also suggested that, in addition to alterations ...
... GABAA antagonist bicuculline were attenuated by exercise training. These data indicate that alterations in neurotransmission at the level of the NTS significantly contribute to cardiovascular and autonomic regulation after chronic exercise. The authors also suggested that, in addition to alterations ...
Effect of sodium fluoride on the grey matter of spinal cord in the
... protective and neuroregenerative effects of green tea catechins revealed that they act not only as antioxidants and metal chelators, but also as modulators of intracellular neuronal signaling and metabolism, cell survival/death genes, and mitochondrial function. Thus, these dietary compounds are rec ...
... protective and neuroregenerative effects of green tea catechins revealed that they act not only as antioxidants and metal chelators, but also as modulators of intracellular neuronal signaling and metabolism, cell survival/death genes, and mitochondrial function. Thus, these dietary compounds are rec ...
PDF
... We photographed the series of 75 mm sections spanning the rostral / caudal extent of temporal cortex on the same day the sections were mounted and coverslipped. Several pictures (103 objective) were taken of each hemisphere that collectively circumscribed the cortical regions that contained labeled ...
... We photographed the series of 75 mm sections spanning the rostral / caudal extent of temporal cortex on the same day the sections were mounted and coverslipped. Several pictures (103 objective) were taken of each hemisphere that collectively circumscribed the cortical regions that contained labeled ...
Comparative neuronal morphology of the
... reconstructed relative to those in the neocortex and hippocampus (Halavi et al., 2012). In fact, it is revealing that, of the 10,004 digital reconstructions currently in the online repository at Neuromorpho.org, only 24 are cerebellar neurons (as opposed to 5405 cerebral cortex neurons). In terms of ...
... reconstructed relative to those in the neocortex and hippocampus (Halavi et al., 2012). In fact, it is revealing that, of the 10,004 digital reconstructions currently in the online repository at Neuromorpho.org, only 24 are cerebellar neurons (as opposed to 5405 cerebral cortex neurons). In terms of ...
the biological perspective
... back outside? Remember, the action potential means that the cell is now positive inside and negative outside at the point where the channel opened. Several things happen to return the cell to its resting state. First, the sodium ion channels close immediately after the action potential has passed, a ...
... back outside? Remember, the action potential means that the cell is now positive inside and negative outside at the point where the channel opened. Several things happen to return the cell to its resting state. First, the sodium ion channels close immediately after the action potential has passed, a ...
Microstructure of the neocortex: Comparative aspects
... The appearance of the neocortex, its expansion, and its differentiation in mammals, represents one of the principal episodes in the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of ...
... The appearance of the neocortex, its expansion, and its differentiation in mammals, represents one of the principal episodes in the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of ...
Ectodermal Placodes: Contributions to the
... similar fate in all vertebrate groups that have been studied. Like the neur a l crest > placodes produce sensory neurons and glia, but they do not give rise to the diversity of cell types derived from neural ...
... similar fate in all vertebrate groups that have been studied. Like the neur a l crest > placodes produce sensory neurons and glia, but they do not give rise to the diversity of cell types derived from neural ...
Pathfinding in Computer Games 1 Introduction
... in order to cut down the search space of the game world for the pathfinder the games map is broken down and simplified. The pathfinder then uses this simplified representation of the map to determine the best path from the starting point to the desired destination in the map. The most common forms o ...
... in order to cut down the search space of the game world for the pathfinder the games map is broken down and simplified. The pathfinder then uses this simplified representation of the map to determine the best path from the starting point to the desired destination in the map. The most common forms o ...
Posterior cingulate cortex: adapting behavior to a
... changes in the world and alter behavioral policy. Neuronal activity in posterior cingulate cortex – a key node in the default network – is known to vary with learning, memory, reward and task engagement. We propose that these modulations reflect the underlying process of change detection and motivat ...
... changes in the world and alter behavioral policy. Neuronal activity in posterior cingulate cortex – a key node in the default network – is known to vary with learning, memory, reward and task engagement. We propose that these modulations reflect the underlying process of change detection and motivat ...
Preferred visually evoked spatial and temporal frequencies in
... Variations in light reflected from all parts of our physical world create an image that is represented and processed in our visual system. In mammals the visual cortex is essential for processing of visual input from the eyes. The region is divided into different areas and this study will focus on t ...
... Variations in light reflected from all parts of our physical world create an image that is represented and processed in our visual system. In mammals the visual cortex is essential for processing of visual input from the eyes. The region is divided into different areas and this study will focus on t ...
Noradrenergic Suppression of Synaptic Transmission May Influence Cortical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
... the slice chamber during recording. For recording, the slice was mounted on a nylon grid in a standard submersion-type slice chamber, with temperature maintained at 357C using a temperature controller. Stopcocks and an isometric pump were used to maintain the superfusion of bathing medium at Ç3 ml/m ...
... the slice chamber during recording. For recording, the slice was mounted on a nylon grid in a standard submersion-type slice chamber, with temperature maintained at 357C using a temperature controller. Stopcocks and an isometric pump were used to maintain the superfusion of bathing medium at Ç3 ml/m ...
Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
Pax6 in the cerebellum - Development
... lateral reticular nuclei is disrupted in Pax6Sey/Pax6Sey mice. Signals required to accomplish these migrations are beginning to be defined. Genetic ablation experiments suggest that secreted netrins and their receptors play a role not only in axonal pathfinding, but also in neuronal migration (Acker ...
... lateral reticular nuclei is disrupted in Pax6Sey/Pax6Sey mice. Signals required to accomplish these migrations are beginning to be defined. Genetic ablation experiments suggest that secreted netrins and their receptors play a role not only in axonal pathfinding, but also in neuronal migration (Acker ...
Purves ch. 8 + Kandel ch. 23 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... the nerve ending, thus producing a receptor (or generator) potential that triggers action potentials, as described in Chapters 2 and 3. This overall process, in which the energy of a stimulus is converted into an electrical signal in the sensory neuron, is called sensory transduction and is the crit ...
... the nerve ending, thus producing a receptor (or generator) potential that triggers action potentials, as described in Chapters 2 and 3. This overall process, in which the energy of a stimulus is converted into an electrical signal in the sensory neuron, is called sensory transduction and is the crit ...
Temporal Sequence Detection with Spiking Neurons: Towards
... The concept of exploiting the timing of spikes as an alternative of or complimentary to the mean firing rate has provided new directions for further progress in neural computing models. Different models of spiking neurons have been developed (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952; Rall, 1989; Segev et al., 1989; ...
... The concept of exploiting the timing of spikes as an alternative of or complimentary to the mean firing rate has provided new directions for further progress in neural computing models. Different models of spiking neurons have been developed (Hodgkin and Huxley, 1952; Rall, 1989; Segev et al., 1989; ...
Sense Organs
... of the brain as having numerous “lines” (nerve fibers) feeding information into it, and each line as being “labeled” to represent a certain modality. All the nerve impulses that arrive at the brain are essentially identical, but impulses arriving on one line have a different meaning than impulses ar ...
... of the brain as having numerous “lines” (nerve fibers) feeding information into it, and each line as being “labeled” to represent a certain modality. All the nerve impulses that arrive at the brain are essentially identical, but impulses arriving on one line have a different meaning than impulses ar ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... Pure tone bursts (4 ms rise and fall times, typically 75 ms long, repeated every 200 ms) were produced digitally using dual synthesizers designed at the University of Wisconsin, one for each ear (Rhode 1976). These synthesizers were controlled by a PDP-11 computer, which also controlled data collect ...
... Pure tone bursts (4 ms rise and fall times, typically 75 ms long, repeated every 200 ms) were produced digitally using dual synthesizers designed at the University of Wisconsin, one for each ear (Rhode 1976). These synthesizers were controlled by a PDP-11 computer, which also controlled data collect ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... auditory input from HVc (Vates et al., 1996). In agreement with this idea, in vivo intracellular recordings from X-projecting neurons reveal that they have song-selective auditory responses (Lewicki, 1996). Furthermore, certain X-projecting neurons display BOSevoked hyperpolarizations (Lewicki, 1996 ...
... auditory input from HVc (Vates et al., 1996). In agreement with this idea, in vivo intracellular recordings from X-projecting neurons reveal that they have song-selective auditory responses (Lewicki, 1996). Furthermore, certain X-projecting neurons display BOSevoked hyperpolarizations (Lewicki, 1996 ...
A Model of Prefrontal Cortical Mechanisms for Goal-directed Behavior Michael E. Hasselmo Abstract
... Despite these links to biology, the mechanisms for many other aspects of RL have not been analyzed. Most RL models use simple look-up tables for the action-value function, without mapping these functions to the physiological properties of neurons. The state–action value mapping has been modeled with ...
... Despite these links to biology, the mechanisms for many other aspects of RL have not been analyzed. Most RL models use simple look-up tables for the action-value function, without mapping these functions to the physiological properties of neurons. The state–action value mapping has been modeled with ...
Adaptive Behavior - Server users.dimi.uniud.it
... receptors for the neuromodulators on their surface (see Figure 1). The specificity of the neuromodulators relies not on the diffusion processes, but on the interactions of the neuromodulators and the expressed receptors on the synapses. A change in a synapse due to a particular neuromodulator takes ...
... receptors for the neuromodulators on their surface (see Figure 1). The specificity of the neuromodulators relies not on the diffusion processes, but on the interactions of the neuromodulators and the expressed receptors on the synapses. A change in a synapse due to a particular neuromodulator takes ...
The basis of the stress reaction
... established by prior learning, or deduced from circumstances, do not match the current or anticipated perceptions of the internal or external environment; this discrepancy between what is observed or sensed and what is expected or programmed elicits patterned, compensatory responses. In extreme unde ...
... established by prior learning, or deduced from circumstances, do not match the current or anticipated perceptions of the internal or external environment; this discrepancy between what is observed or sensed and what is expected or programmed elicits patterned, compensatory responses. In extreme unde ...
Avian brains and a new understanding of
... neostriatum and the avian palaeostriatum augmentatum (including the LPO) participate not only in instinctive behaviour and movement, but also in motor learning 26,27. These apparent relationships between the subpallia of mammals and birds have been supported by molecular embryology studies24,28–31. ...
... neostriatum and the avian palaeostriatum augmentatum (including the LPO) participate not only in instinctive behaviour and movement, but also in motor learning 26,27. These apparent relationships between the subpallia of mammals and birds have been supported by molecular embryology studies24,28–31. ...
Chapter 14: Brain Control of Movement
... Cerebral Cortex The Contributions of Posterior Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex (Cont’d) Anterior frontal lobes: Abstract thought, decision making and anticipating consequences of action Area 6: Actions converted into signals specifying how actions will be performed Per Roland Monitored cortical acti ...
... Cerebral Cortex The Contributions of Posterior Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex (Cont’d) Anterior frontal lobes: Abstract thought, decision making and anticipating consequences of action Area 6: Actions converted into signals specifying how actions will be performed Per Roland Monitored cortical acti ...
Chapter 3
... incurable neuromuscular disease called Huntington’s disease—but these outcomes are primarily physical, not behavioral. Typically, a specific gene plays only a small part in creating a given behavior, and genetic influence itself is only part of the story. Environmental events such Genetic influence acc ...
... incurable neuromuscular disease called Huntington’s disease—but these outcomes are primarily physical, not behavioral. Typically, a specific gene plays only a small part in creating a given behavior, and genetic influence itself is only part of the story. Environmental events such Genetic influence acc ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.