Forced moves or good tricks in design space? Landmarks in the
... were present during the Ediacaran period (635 to 542 mya)2 at the end of Neoproterozoic era, and are likely to have been the first animals to evolve nervous systems of any kind. There is still a great deal to be learned about the functional architecture of cnidarian nervous systems, however, existin ...
... were present during the Ediacaran period (635 to 542 mya)2 at the end of Neoproterozoic era, and are likely to have been the first animals to evolve nervous systems of any kind. There is still a great deal to be learned about the functional architecture of cnidarian nervous systems, however, existin ...
The Neuron - UPM EduTrain Interactive Learning
... Measuring electrical potentials of axons Action potential • The brief electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon. • The sudden reversal of the resting potential, which initiates the firing of a neuron ...
... Measuring electrical potentials of axons Action potential • The brief electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon. • The sudden reversal of the resting potential, which initiates the firing of a neuron ...
2015 Annual Report - Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund
... symptoms that are fatal within 2 years of life. When the disease is subacute, children and adolescents show neurodegeneration and manifestations of Parkinson’s disease. Individuals that inherit only one mutated GCase gene are also at increased risk of developing PD. PD is characterized by a loss of ...
... symptoms that are fatal within 2 years of life. When the disease is subacute, children and adolescents show neurodegeneration and manifestations of Parkinson’s disease. Individuals that inherit only one mutated GCase gene are also at increased risk of developing PD. PD is characterized by a loss of ...
Data Visualization Optimization Computational Modeling of Perception
... a single lateral excitation stage. The reasons for this are twofold. First, data visualizations are typically viewed in an exploratory manner, thus we seek to model perception in the moments after viewing, before steadystate activity is reached. Second, calculating the neural activity until steady s ...
... a single lateral excitation stage. The reasons for this are twofold. First, data visualizations are typically viewed in an exploratory manner, thus we seek to model perception in the moments after viewing, before steadystate activity is reached. Second, calculating the neural activity until steady s ...
- White Rose Research Online
... were present during the Ediacaran period (635 to 542 mya)2 at the end of Neoproterozoic era, and are likely to have been the first animals to evolve nervous systems of any kind. There is still a great deal to be learned about the functional architecture of cnidarian nervous systems, however, existin ...
... were present during the Ediacaran period (635 to 542 mya)2 at the end of Neoproterozoic era, and are likely to have been the first animals to evolve nervous systems of any kind. There is still a great deal to be learned about the functional architecture of cnidarian nervous systems, however, existin ...
The Neural Basis of the Object Concept in Ambiguous and
... two of the Gestalt principles, spatially proximal elements with similar features (similar color / similar orientation) are likely to be perceived as one object or, in other word, represented by one and the same object concept. Most real-world objects, however, are non-uniform in one or more of their ...
... two of the Gestalt principles, spatially proximal elements with similar features (similar color / similar orientation) are likely to be perceived as one object or, in other word, represented by one and the same object concept. Most real-world objects, however, are non-uniform in one or more of their ...
- PhilSci
... Three dimensions on which computational performance can be assessed are: the time it takes for the computing system to carry out a given task, the maximum number of tasks that can be completed by the system in a given time interval, and the electrical power it takes for the system to carry out a tas ...
... Three dimensions on which computational performance can be assessed are: the time it takes for the computing system to carry out a given task, the maximum number of tasks that can be completed by the system in a given time interval, and the electrical power it takes for the system to carry out a tas ...
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... structure between 4 and 10 pps, including substantial facilitation or depression to tones presented at specific rates. No organized topography of these temporal filters could be determined. ß 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Key words: Auditory cortex ; Cerebral cortex ; Tonotopic map ...
... structure between 4 and 10 pps, including substantial facilitation or depression to tones presented at specific rates. No organized topography of these temporal filters could be determined. ß 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Key words: Auditory cortex ; Cerebral cortex ; Tonotopic map ...
Current Opinion in Neurobiology (2004)
... basis of expectancies of emotionally significant events. Recent human imaging studies support this claim [53]. On the other hand, the anatomical relations among the OFC and sensory regions (discussed later) are consistent with an important role for the OFC’s use of information from a variety of sens ...
... basis of expectancies of emotionally significant events. Recent human imaging studies support this claim [53]. On the other hand, the anatomical relations among the OFC and sensory regions (discussed later) are consistent with an important role for the OFC’s use of information from a variety of sens ...
The State of the Art of Respiratory Control
... The contribution of the carotid body to the ventilatory response to increases in CO 2 has been more difficult to characterize, but is likely around 30% of the total response in normoxic conditions. Further complicating the contribution of the carotid body to CO 2 ventilatory responsiveness, the sens ...
... The contribution of the carotid body to the ventilatory response to increases in CO 2 has been more difficult to characterize, but is likely around 30% of the total response in normoxic conditions. Further complicating the contribution of the carotid body to CO 2 ventilatory responsiveness, the sens ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is located in the upper brainstem and has an irregular shape delimited by the borders of its population of cholinergic neurons. The PPN has been conserved in evolution across species and is present in early mammals and amphibians (Marin et al., 1998; Grillner et al ...
... The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is located in the upper brainstem and has an irregular shape delimited by the borders of its population of cholinergic neurons. The PPN has been conserved in evolution across species and is present in early mammals and amphibians (Marin et al., 1998; Grillner et al ...
Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the
... 1967). Thus, by around 1980, microsaccades were considered at the very least to be supportive of, but not absolutely necessary for, oculomotor control during precise gaze fixation. [A recent study by Ko et al. (2010) is among evidence that microsaccades do in fact precisely direct gaze, as we discuss ...
... 1967). Thus, by around 1980, microsaccades were considered at the very least to be supportive of, but not absolutely necessary for, oculomotor control during precise gaze fixation. [A recent study by Ko et al. (2010) is among evidence that microsaccades do in fact precisely direct gaze, as we discuss ...
Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
... ability to divide. We pay a high price for this neuron feature because they cannot be replaced if destroyed. There are exceptions to this rule. For example, olfactory epithelium and some hippocampal regions contain stem cells that can produce new neurons throughout life. (The hippocampus is a brain ...
... ability to divide. We pay a high price for this neuron feature because they cannot be replaced if destroyed. There are exceptions to this rule. For example, olfactory epithelium and some hippocampal regions contain stem cells that can produce new neurons throughout life. (The hippocampus is a brain ...
choosing the greater of two goods: neural currencies for valuation
... identified sensory representations as well as decisionrelated signals in areas of the parietal and frontal cortices. At the neural level, differentiating sensory signals from decision-related signals is relatively straightforward. First, sensory signals require the presence of the sensory stimulus, ...
... identified sensory representations as well as decisionrelated signals in areas of the parietal and frontal cortices. At the neural level, differentiating sensory signals from decision-related signals is relatively straightforward. First, sensory signals require the presence of the sensory stimulus, ...
TREBALL 6
... time effect) (Figure 1). The maximal reduction in 5-HT release was attained at 3 mg/kg and subsequent injections of 10 and 30 mg/kg ARI did not seem to reduce 5-HT further. The administration of vehicle did not alter the 5-HT release in mPFC of wild-type (WT) and 5-HT1A knockout, (KO) mice, except f ...
... time effect) (Figure 1). The maximal reduction in 5-HT release was attained at 3 mg/kg and subsequent injections of 10 and 30 mg/kg ARI did not seem to reduce 5-HT further. The administration of vehicle did not alter the 5-HT release in mPFC of wild-type (WT) and 5-HT1A knockout, (KO) mice, except f ...
PROGRAMME and ABSTRACTS
... (Dementia and Depression – whether the senescence has to look like that?) Introduced by: Teresa Zalewska ...
... (Dementia and Depression – whether the senescence has to look like that?) Introduced by: Teresa Zalewska ...
Gene expression and specificity in the mature zone of the lobster
... mammalian olfactory epithelium (26) by modifying and maintaining the environment around the dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons. The wealth of physiological and biochemical data generated from the lobster olfactory organ has made it an attractive system to investigate underlying molecular events. ...
... mammalian olfactory epithelium (26) by modifying and maintaining the environment around the dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons. The wealth of physiological and biochemical data generated from the lobster olfactory organ has made it an attractive system to investigate underlying molecular events. ...
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... information would be forthcoming. Similarly, the low-value sm cue was not as disappointing when it appeared in an M trial as in an I trial, attesting the additive value of surprising information, even if that information indicates that reward is in fact not forthcoming. At first blush these results ...
... information would be forthcoming. Similarly, the low-value sm cue was not as disappointing when it appeared in an M trial as in an I trial, attesting the additive value of surprising information, even if that information indicates that reward is in fact not forthcoming. At first blush these results ...
Document
... IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS: This material logically splits into six basic topic areas, the organization of the brain, the functional relationships among the parts of the brain, the organization of the spinal cord, the functional relationships among the parts of the spinal cord, the functional relation ...
... IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS: This material logically splits into six basic topic areas, the organization of the brain, the functional relationships among the parts of the brain, the organization of the spinal cord, the functional relationships among the parts of the spinal cord, the functional relation ...
Brains, Bodies, and Behavior - 2012 Book Archive
... agonist16 is a drug that has chemical properties similar to a particular neurotransmitter and thus mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter. When an agonist is ingested, it binds to the receptor sites in the dendrites to excite the neuron, acting as if more of the neurotransmitter had been present ...
... agonist16 is a drug that has chemical properties similar to a particular neurotransmitter and thus mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter. When an agonist is ingested, it binds to the receptor sites in the dendrites to excite the neuron, acting as if more of the neurotransmitter had been present ...
Cardiovascular and autonomic modulation by
... GABAA antagonist bicuculline were attenuated by exercise training. These data indicate that alterations in neurotransmission at the level of the NTS significantly contribute to cardiovascular and autonomic regulation after chronic exercise. The authors also suggested that, in addition to alterations ...
... GABAA antagonist bicuculline were attenuated by exercise training. These data indicate that alterations in neurotransmission at the level of the NTS significantly contribute to cardiovascular and autonomic regulation after chronic exercise. The authors also suggested that, in addition to alterations ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... 1994, 1995). To test the hypothesis that the glutamate-mediated reduction in GABA-evoked C a 21 rise was in part caused by activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), we used two group I / II nonselective mGluR agonists, trans-(6)-1amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylate (t-AC PD; Research ...
... 1994, 1995). To test the hypothesis that the glutamate-mediated reduction in GABA-evoked C a 21 rise was in part caused by activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), we used two group I / II nonselective mGluR agonists, trans-(6)-1amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylate (t-AC PD; Research ...
REVIEW Reticular formation and spinal cord injury
... impossible unless the relevant part of the CNS is completely destroyed. This is why the system can hardly be studied by traditional degeneration method. As a result, it had never been properly studied and understood until recently when new techniques such as electron microscopy, axon tracing, intrac ...
... impossible unless the relevant part of the CNS is completely destroyed. This is why the system can hardly be studied by traditional degeneration method. As a result, it had never been properly studied and understood until recently when new techniques such as electron microscopy, axon tracing, intrac ...
Inglés
... a membrane-dissolving agent which acts mainly on myelinproducing cells, while EtBr is a DNA intercalating agent that damages not only oligodendrocytes but also astrocytes (Woodruff and Franklin, 1999). The substances are generally injected into white matter CNS regions such as caudal cerebellar pedun ...
... a membrane-dissolving agent which acts mainly on myelinproducing cells, while EtBr is a DNA intercalating agent that damages not only oligodendrocytes but also astrocytes (Woodruff and Franklin, 1999). The substances are generally injected into white matter CNS regions such as caudal cerebellar pedun ...
Epileptiform Activity Can Be Initiated in Various Neocortical Layers
... cerebral spinal fluid containing nominally zero magnesium. The neocortical slices (400-mm thick) were harvested from Sprague-Dawley rats (P21–28). Optical imaging was made by using a high speed photodiode array. Spontaneous epileptiform activity emerged 20 – 40 min after the preparation was perfused ...
... cerebral spinal fluid containing nominally zero magnesium. The neocortical slices (400-mm thick) were harvested from Sprague-Dawley rats (P21–28). Optical imaging was made by using a high speed photodiode array. Spontaneous epileptiform activity emerged 20 – 40 min after the preparation was perfused ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.