The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... neural processing. This action may behaviorally lead to an improvement of working memory and to better selection of goal-directed actions. The TD model reproduces dopamine neuron activity in many behavioral situations and suggests that dopamine neuron activity code for an error in reward prediction. ...
... neural processing. This action may behaviorally lead to an improvement of working memory and to better selection of goal-directed actions. The TD model reproduces dopamine neuron activity in many behavioral situations and suggests that dopamine neuron activity code for an error in reward prediction. ...
Different Roles for Amygdala Central Nucleus and Substantia
... illumination was provided by a 6 W lamp behind a dense red lens mounted next to the speaker. A television camera was mounted within each shell to provide a view of the chamber; the output from each camera was digitized, merged into a single image of all four chambers, and recorded on videotape. Resu ...
... illumination was provided by a 6 W lamp behind a dense red lens mounted next to the speaker. A television camera was mounted within each shell to provide a view of the chamber; the output from each camera was digitized, merged into a single image of all four chambers, and recorded on videotape. Resu ...
Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
High acetylcholine sets circuit dynamics for attention and
... hippocampus, piriform cortex, neocortex and thalamus (Krnjevic and Phillis, 1963; Krjnevic et al., 1971; see review in Hasselmo, 1995). Here the review will focus on data regarding cholinergic modulation in the hippocampus and piriform cortex, but data from the neocortex suggests similar principles ...
... hippocampus, piriform cortex, neocortex and thalamus (Krnjevic and Phillis, 1963; Krjnevic et al., 1971; see review in Hasselmo, 1995). Here the review will focus on data regarding cholinergic modulation in the hippocampus and piriform cortex, but data from the neocortex suggests similar principles ...
Relationship Between Serum BDNF Levels and Cognitive Functions
... BDNF levels and attention and memory performances for patients with depression. It was determined that elevated morning baseline cortisol levels affected attention negatively. There was no correlation between serum BDNF levels and morning cortisol levels. ...
... BDNF levels and attention and memory performances for patients with depression. It was determined that elevated morning baseline cortisol levels affected attention negatively. There was no correlation between serum BDNF levels and morning cortisol levels. ...
Introduction - Bowling Green State University
... for the expression of appetitive-approach behaviors. 2) The reinforcement (Fibiger 1978, White & Milner 1992), and the reward hypotheses (Wise 1978, Wise & Rompre 1989, Schultz et al. 1997, Schultz 1998, Di Chiara 2002, Wise 2004) have largely focused on the potential learning mediating functions of ...
... for the expression of appetitive-approach behaviors. 2) The reinforcement (Fibiger 1978, White & Milner 1992), and the reward hypotheses (Wise 1978, Wise & Rompre 1989, Schultz et al. 1997, Schultz 1998, Di Chiara 2002, Wise 2004) have largely focused on the potential learning mediating functions of ...
Hippocampal CA1 atrophy and synaptic loss during
... focal WM lesions consisting of T lymphocyte and macrophage infiltrates, demyelination and axonal transection.2–4 However, WM pathology does not occur exclusively. Gray matter atrophy has been shown to occur in cortical and deep sub-cortical brain regions by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).5–8 Gray ...
... focal WM lesions consisting of T lymphocyte and macrophage infiltrates, demyelination and axonal transection.2–4 However, WM pathology does not occur exclusively. Gray matter atrophy has been shown to occur in cortical and deep sub-cortical brain regions by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).5–8 Gray ...
uncorrected page page page proofs
... brain because of the presence of very thin blood vessels (capillaries). The lighter areas, called white matter, are mostly nerve fibres that connect distant brain areas to one another. They have a fatty coating that produces the whitish appearance. White matter is found in abundance beneath the cort ...
... brain because of the presence of very thin blood vessels (capillaries). The lighter areas, called white matter, are mostly nerve fibres that connect distant brain areas to one another. They have a fatty coating that produces the whitish appearance. White matter is found in abundance beneath the cort ...
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity of
... are functionally heterogeneous, with distinct roles in learning and expressing fear behaviors. PTSD differences in amygdala-complex function and functional connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures remain unclear. Recent military veterans with PTSD (n ¼ 20) and matched trauma-exposed con ...
... are functionally heterogeneous, with distinct roles in learning and expressing fear behaviors. PTSD differences in amygdala-complex function and functional connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures remain unclear. Recent military veterans with PTSD (n ¼ 20) and matched trauma-exposed con ...
... AbstractÐThe prefrontal cortex in rhesus monkeys is a heterogeneous region by structure, connections and function. Caudal medial and orbitofrontal cortices receive input from cortical and subcortical structures associated with emotions, autonomic function and long-term memory, while lateral prefront ...
Morphology, Deep cerebellar nuclei, C. gambianus
... deal with [16]. It means that IN receives a large amount of sensory information from the limbs and, in turn, elaborates signals for movement control [16, 29]. The paravermal cortex and the functionally associated IN are considered important structures for limb movement [6]. General, the relatively l ...
... deal with [16]. It means that IN receives a large amount of sensory information from the limbs and, in turn, elaborates signals for movement control [16, 29]. The paravermal cortex and the functionally associated IN are considered important structures for limb movement [6]. General, the relatively l ...
Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?
... and, of course, humans. Where elephants do appear to excel is in long-term, extensive spatial-temporal and social memory. Elephants also appear to be unusual among non-human animals in exhibiting behaviors that could potentially be related to ‘‘theory-of-mind’’ phenomena, particularly with regard to ...
... and, of course, humans. Where elephants do appear to excel is in long-term, extensive spatial-temporal and social memory. Elephants also appear to be unusual among non-human animals in exhibiting behaviors that could potentially be related to ‘‘theory-of-mind’’ phenomena, particularly with regard to ...
Glossary - Baars and Gage
... OKS-eh-gen LEV-el dee-PEN-dent ak-TI-vi-tee): A magnetically induced physical signal that reflects the flow of oxygen in specific regions of the brain. The BOLD signal is the physical source for functional magnetic resonance imaging. See Chapter 4. brainstem (BRAYN-stem): The lower part of the brain ...
... OKS-eh-gen LEV-el dee-PEN-dent ak-TI-vi-tee): A magnetically induced physical signal that reflects the flow of oxygen in specific regions of the brain. The BOLD signal is the physical source for functional magnetic resonance imaging. See Chapter 4. brainstem (BRAYN-stem): The lower part of the brain ...
9-Sensation of Smell..
... distinguish different colors) • Buck got the idea that maybe smell receptors might be similar • She used a genetic technique called the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to find ...
... distinguish different colors) • Buck got the idea that maybe smell receptors might be similar • She used a genetic technique called the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to find ...
.... _ ACKNOWLEDGMENT !_ This monograph is based on the
... The regional distribution of MDMA-induced silver staining does not correspond to the regional distribution of the vulnerable fine fibers. MDMA-induced silver staining is limited primarily to the frontoparietal cortex. It sometimes involves regions of posterior neocortex and striatum and is rarely ob ...
... The regional distribution of MDMA-induced silver staining does not correspond to the regional distribution of the vulnerable fine fibers. MDMA-induced silver staining is limited primarily to the frontoparietal cortex. It sometimes involves regions of posterior neocortex and striatum and is rarely ob ...
slide show - hippocampal
... excluded by a vertical line (in red) view from the medial end of the lateral ventricle (2) down to the parahippocampal gyrus (4). ...
... excluded by a vertical line (in red) view from the medial end of the lateral ventricle (2) down to the parahippocampal gyrus (4). ...
connect_review_20150316 - Royal Holloway, University of London
... There are many areas sensitive to categories other than faces. Dorsal occipitotemporal areas show preferences for body actions and biological motion perception (Giese and Poggio, 2003; Kilner, 2011) including hMT+/V5 and an area in posterior STS (Peuskens et al., 2005; Grosbras et al., 2012). This p ...
... There are many areas sensitive to categories other than faces. Dorsal occipitotemporal areas show preferences for body actions and biological motion perception (Giese and Poggio, 2003; Kilner, 2011) including hMT+/V5 and an area in posterior STS (Peuskens et al., 2005; Grosbras et al., 2012). This p ...
Reward and Reinforcement I 1. Which of the following statements is
... secondary reinforcers. DA release is associated with primary reinforcing stimuli, such as food for a hungry animal but also with conditioned (remember the experiments on Pavlov’s dog in the Emotion chapter) or secondary reinforcing stimuli. Such stimuli are often called incentive stimuli. Incentive ...
... secondary reinforcers. DA release is associated with primary reinforcing stimuli, such as food for a hungry animal but also with conditioned (remember the experiments on Pavlov’s dog in the Emotion chapter) or secondary reinforcing stimuli. Such stimuli are often called incentive stimuli. Incentive ...
Limbic structures, emotion, and memory
... a cortical border encircling the brain stem (limbus, Latin for “border”). Paul Broca (1878) held the view that “le grand lobe limbique” was mainly an olfactory structure common to all mammalian brains, although he argued that its functions were not limited to olfaction. Limbic structures are frequen ...
... a cortical border encircling the brain stem (limbus, Latin for “border”). Paul Broca (1878) held the view that “le grand lobe limbique” was mainly an olfactory structure common to all mammalian brains, although he argued that its functions were not limited to olfaction. Limbic structures are frequen ...
Evolution of the Size and Functional Areas of the Human Brain
... more-localized (and presumably functionally specific) areas. ...
... more-localized (and presumably functionally specific) areas. ...
Long-range GABAergic neurons in the prefrontal cortex modulate
... including NAcc and BLA. Using whole cell recordings in NAcc, the authors found that optogenetic activation of mPFC ChR2-containing terminals in NAcc elicited inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in NAcc neurons. Blocking GABAA, but not glutamate, receptors in NAcc abolished the IPSCs, indicating ...
... including NAcc and BLA. Using whole cell recordings in NAcc, the authors found that optogenetic activation of mPFC ChR2-containing terminals in NAcc elicited inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in NAcc neurons. Blocking GABAA, but not glutamate, receptors in NAcc abolished the IPSCs, indicating ...
Limbic system
The limbic system (or paleomammalian brain) is a complex set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, right under the cerebrum. It is not a separate system but a collection of structures from the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. It includes the olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, columns of fornix, mammillary body, septum pellucidum, habenular commissure, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, limbic cortex, and limbic midbrain areas.The limbic system supports a variety of functions including epinephrine flow, emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories.Although the term only originated in the 1940s, some neuroscientists, including Joseph LeDoux, have suggested that the concept of a functionally unified limbic system should be abandoned as obsolete because it is grounded mainly in historical concepts of brain anatomy that are no longer accepted as accurate.