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... Only mammals have a fully developed limbic system, a diverse collection of structures wrapped around the thalamus, enhancing capacity for emotions and memory and maintaining a balanced condition within the body. The Hippocampus and Memory The hippocampus enables the memory system. It is critic ...
... Only mammals have a fully developed limbic system, a diverse collection of structures wrapped around the thalamus, enhancing capacity for emotions and memory and maintaining a balanced condition within the body. The Hippocampus and Memory The hippocampus enables the memory system. It is critic ...
ACETYLOCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE NUCLEI OF THE
... to that found in the basal ventral nucleus. In the rostral portion of the lateral nucleus AChE activity is somewhat higher, especially in the dorsolateral area, on the borderline with the external capsule (Fig. 1AB). More caudally (Fig. 1C) this area 01 higher AChE activity is larger and occupies a ...
... to that found in the basal ventral nucleus. In the rostral portion of the lateral nucleus AChE activity is somewhat higher, especially in the dorsolateral area, on the borderline with the external capsule (Fig. 1AB). More caudally (Fig. 1C) this area 01 higher AChE activity is larger and occupies a ...
Functional anatomy of neural circuits regulating fear and extinction
... into postsynaptic sites. This was further confirmed by double- and triple-immunofluorescence (IF) staining for Venus (with use of anti-GFP antibody), Bassoon (presynaptic marker; Fig. 1D), and drebrin (postsynaptic marker; Fig. 1E). Three-dimensional reconstruction of confocal images of individual spi ...
... into postsynaptic sites. This was further confirmed by double- and triple-immunofluorescence (IF) staining for Venus (with use of anti-GFP antibody), Bassoon (presynaptic marker; Fig. 1D), and drebrin (postsynaptic marker; Fig. 1E). Three-dimensional reconstruction of confocal images of individual spi ...
Cortex - Anatomy and Physiology
... – Increased number of neurons in head – Highest level reached in human brain ...
... – Increased number of neurons in head – Highest level reached in human brain ...
Neural circuits underlying the generation of theta oscillations
... In the behaving rat, hippocampal theta oscillations are accompanied by high cholinergic tone (Jasper and Tessier, 1971; Zhang et al., 2010). In order to tune the network state into theta regime, the hippocampal activity diverges from a resting state characterized by sharp-wave-ripple complexes (Csic ...
... In the behaving rat, hippocampal theta oscillations are accompanied by high cholinergic tone (Jasper and Tessier, 1971; Zhang et al., 2010). In order to tune the network state into theta regime, the hippocampal activity diverges from a resting state characterized by sharp-wave-ripple complexes (Csic ...
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... gram of this toxin to kill a person. A deficit of acetylcholine is associated with Alzheimer’s disease, which afflicts a high percentage of older adults. Many neurotransmitters have been identified in the years since 1921, and there is increasing evidence of their importance in human behavior. Psych ...
... gram of this toxin to kill a person. A deficit of acetylcholine is associated with Alzheimer’s disease, which afflicts a high percentage of older adults. Many neurotransmitters have been identified in the years since 1921, and there is increasing evidence of their importance in human behavior. Psych ...
Basal Ganglia: Mechanisms for Action Selection
... Computational models have provided quantitative tests of these ideas, revealed the further necessary mechanisms for successful selection, and shown how these mechanisms are implemented by components of the basal ganglia circuit. The box-and-arrow model accounts of “direct” pathway control of selecti ...
... Computational models have provided quantitative tests of these ideas, revealed the further necessary mechanisms for successful selection, and shown how these mechanisms are implemented by components of the basal ganglia circuit. The box-and-arrow model accounts of “direct” pathway control of selecti ...
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... and research and opening me so many opportunities. ... my brother and sister-in-law, for keeping the surfin’ dreams alive. ... my great culé friends Anna-Felipe and Aisha-José. ... all my Costa family, friends and in-laws in Belo Horizonte. ... all my family in Rio de Janeiro. In special to my dear ...
... and research and opening me so many opportunities. ... my brother and sister-in-law, for keeping the surfin’ dreams alive. ... my great culé friends Anna-Felipe and Aisha-José. ... all my Costa family, friends and in-laws in Belo Horizonte. ... all my family in Rio de Janeiro. In special to my dear ...
neurocircuitry of addiction
... A complete review of the current knowledge of the neural circuitry involved in learning and memory is beyond the scope of this chapter (53–56); however, it is clear that cortical regions receiving dopaminergic axon terminations, such as the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex and allocortical n ...
... A complete review of the current knowledge of the neural circuitry involved in learning and memory is beyond the scope of this chapter (53–56); however, it is clear that cortical regions receiving dopaminergic axon terminations, such as the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex and allocortical n ...
WHAT SHOULD WE KNOW ABOUT MARIJUANA goes to ARTCLES
... receptors in many areas, including the cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum). Most of the evidence supporting this assertion comes from animal studies. For example, rats exposed to THC in utero, soon after birth, or during adolescence, show notable problems with s ...
... receptors in many areas, including the cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum). Most of the evidence supporting this assertion comes from animal studies. For example, rats exposed to THC in utero, soon after birth, or during adolescence, show notable problems with s ...
fulltext
... amygdala, undergo reconsolidation after recall. Moreover, this reconsolidation process can be disrupted both pharmacologically and behaviourally, resulting in a reduced fear response to the stimulus. This thesis examines the attenuation of fear memories by disrupting reconsolidation in humans, using ...
... amygdala, undergo reconsolidation after recall. Moreover, this reconsolidation process can be disrupted both pharmacologically and behaviourally, resulting in a reduced fear response to the stimulus. This thesis examines the attenuation of fear memories by disrupting reconsolidation in humans, using ...
Cerebral blood flow and gray matter volume covariance patterns of
... relationships and null results. Furthermore, this review found that relationships between structure and cognition remained stable across the lifespan, supporting the concept of neural reserve [Stern, 2009; Stern et al., 2005]. The purpose of this study was to examine the degree to which cognitive ch ...
... relationships and null results. Furthermore, this review found that relationships between structure and cognition remained stable across the lifespan, supporting the concept of neural reserve [Stern, 2009; Stern et al., 2005]. The purpose of this study was to examine the degree to which cognitive ch ...
Lower Serotonin Transporter Binding Potential in the Human Brain
... major depressive episode and 43 healthy comparison subjects were included in the study. Their demographic and clinical characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Inclusion criteria for subjects with major depressive disorder were 1) age 18–65 years; 2) fulfillment of the DSM-IV criteria for major de ...
... major depressive episode and 43 healthy comparison subjects were included in the study. Their demographic and clinical characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Inclusion criteria for subjects with major depressive disorder were 1) age 18–65 years; 2) fulfillment of the DSM-IV criteria for major de ...
BASAL GANGLIA
... NEURONAL CIRCUIT OF BASAL GANGLIA There are two major circuits regarding basal ganglia. ...
... NEURONAL CIRCUIT OF BASAL GANGLIA There are two major circuits regarding basal ganglia. ...
BASAL GANGLIA
... NEURONAL CIRCUIT OF BASAL GANGLIA There are two major circuits regarding basal ganglia. ...
... NEURONAL CIRCUIT OF BASAL GANGLIA There are two major circuits regarding basal ganglia. ...
primary motor cortex
... Most complicated cortical region Involved with intellect, cognition, recall and personality Contains working memory needed for judgment, reasoning and conscience Development depends on feedback from social environment ...
... Most complicated cortical region Involved with intellect, cognition, recall and personality Contains working memory needed for judgment, reasoning and conscience Development depends on feedback from social environment ...
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
... used. Hyponatremia was induced with the methods described by Verbalis and Drutarosky ( 19). Female rats were used because of the recent report that menstruant women with postoperative hyponatremic encephalopathy are about 25 times more likely to die or to have permanent brain damage compared with me ...
... used. Hyponatremia was induced with the methods described by Verbalis and Drutarosky ( 19). Female rats were used because of the recent report that menstruant women with postoperative hyponatremic encephalopathy are about 25 times more likely to die or to have permanent brain damage compared with me ...
connections of the cerebral cortex
... broadens. Its caudal end is half way through a series of transverse sections of the cerebrum. Those investigators who have identified functional cortical areas exclusively on the basis of cell studies might have made their analogies better if they had given more attention to connections. The extent ...
... broadens. Its caudal end is half way through a series of transverse sections of the cerebrum. Those investigators who have identified functional cortical areas exclusively on the basis of cell studies might have made their analogies better if they had given more attention to connections. The extent ...
HYPOTHALAMUS
... prominent mammillary nuclei. The posterior nucleus is a large, ill-defined group of cells that may play a role in thermoregulation (see below). The mammillary nuclei are considered to be part of the hypothalamus on anatomical grounds, but, unlike the other hypothalamic nuclei, they do not appear to ...
... prominent mammillary nuclei. The posterior nucleus is a large, ill-defined group of cells that may play a role in thermoregulation (see below). The mammillary nuclei are considered to be part of the hypothalamus on anatomical grounds, but, unlike the other hypothalamic nuclei, they do not appear to ...
What We Know and Do Not Know about the Functions of the
... Figure 1. Neural responses in both rat and human OFC during reversal learning signal expectations of a subsequent reward outcome. A, Illustration of generic discrimination reversal task in which the subject is presented with two stimuli and on each trial gets to choose one. One of the stimuli, if ch ...
... Figure 1. Neural responses in both rat and human OFC during reversal learning signal expectations of a subsequent reward outcome. A, Illustration of generic discrimination reversal task in which the subject is presented with two stimuli and on each trial gets to choose one. One of the stimuli, if ch ...
2906_lect8
... Nose contains small ridges, olfactory cleft, and olfactory epithelium Olfactory cleft: A narrow space at the back of the nose into which air flows, where the main olfactory epithelium is located Olfactory epithelium: A secretory mucous membrane in the human nose whose primary function is to dete ...
... Nose contains small ridges, olfactory cleft, and olfactory epithelium Olfactory cleft: A narrow space at the back of the nose into which air flows, where the main olfactory epithelium is located Olfactory epithelium: A secretory mucous membrane in the human nose whose primary function is to dete ...
Chapter 2 The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
... respiration, sleep and wakefulness, circulation, heart activity, and fine coordination of movement are controlled by this region. There may also be areas responsible for some aspects of language and other cognitive functions housed here. The midbrain has centers for coordinating vision and hearing w ...
... respiration, sleep and wakefulness, circulation, heart activity, and fine coordination of movement are controlled by this region. There may also be areas responsible for some aspects of language and other cognitive functions housed here. The midbrain has centers for coordinating vision and hearing w ...
Limbic system
The limbic system (or paleomammalian brain) is a complex set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, right under the cerebrum. It is not a separate system but a collection of structures from the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. It includes the olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, columns of fornix, mammillary body, septum pellucidum, habenular commissure, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, limbic cortex, and limbic midbrain areas.The limbic system supports a variety of functions including epinephrine flow, emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories.Although the term only originated in the 1940s, some neuroscientists, including Joseph LeDoux, have suggested that the concept of a functionally unified limbic system should be abandoned as obsolete because it is grounded mainly in historical concepts of brain anatomy that are no longer accepted as accurate.