ch04 - alkanes
... The stag gered anti is more stable than the two equivalent stagg ered gauche conforma tions. In the a nti conformation, the t wo CH 3 groups are on opposite sides of the structure. In t he ga uche co nformations, the two groups are within van der W aals repulsive intera ction distance, and 3.8 kJ/mo ...
... The stag gered anti is more stable than the two equivalent stagg ered gauche conforma tions. In the a nti conformation, the t wo CH 3 groups are on opposite sides of the structure. In t he ga uche co nformations, the two groups are within van der W aals repulsive intera ction distance, and 3.8 kJ/mo ...
Petrochemicals: Builder Molecules
... Draw several aligned linear polymer chains. Draw several aligned and cross-linked linear polymer chains. ...
... Draw several aligned linear polymer chains. Draw several aligned and cross-linked linear polymer chains. ...
Topics 10 and 20 Outline
... • Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes and undergo addition reactions. Bromine water can be used to distinguish between alkenes and alkanes. • Alcohols undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with acids (also called esterification or condensation) and some undergo oxidation reactions. • Haloge ...
... • Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes and undergo addition reactions. Bromine water can be used to distinguish between alkenes and alkanes. • Alcohols undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with acids (also called esterification or condensation) and some undergo oxidation reactions. • Haloge ...
04_lecture_presentation
... The Formation of Bonds with Carbon • With four valence electrons, carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms • This ability makes large, complex molecules possible • In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other atoms has a tetrahedral shape • However, when t ...
... The Formation of Bonds with Carbon • With four valence electrons, carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms • This ability makes large, complex molecules possible • In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other atoms has a tetrahedral shape • However, when t ...
Contents - New Age International
... successive homologous differ by one carbon and two hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae. (Note that alkanes, alkenes and alkynes are also different homologous series). Isomerism: In carbon compounds, different compounds are formed with different structures with the same molecular formula. Thes ...
... successive homologous differ by one carbon and two hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae. (Note that alkanes, alkenes and alkynes are also different homologous series). Isomerism: In carbon compounds, different compounds are formed with different structures with the same molecular formula. Thes ...
Carbon and Molecular Diversity - 1 Although water is the most
... Hydrocarbons, like carbon, typically vary in: • The number of carbons on the chain • Straight, branching chains or ring compounds • Where and how many hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon chain Most hydrocarbons have very similar properties – for example the C—H bond is energy rich; so hydrocar ...
... Hydrocarbons, like carbon, typically vary in: • The number of carbons on the chain • Straight, branching chains or ring compounds • Where and how many hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon chain Most hydrocarbons have very similar properties – for example the C—H bond is energy rich; so hydrocar ...
Organic Chemistry Background
... 4 equal energy orbitals which will form 4 equal single bonds. This gives a tetrahedral geometry. The name of the hybridization is sp3 and the carbon is said to be saturated. 3 equal energy orbitals and one unequal which will form 2 single bonds and 1 double bond. This gives a trigonal planar geometr ...
... 4 equal energy orbitals which will form 4 equal single bonds. This gives a tetrahedral geometry. The name of the hybridization is sp3 and the carbon is said to be saturated. 3 equal energy orbitals and one unequal which will form 2 single bonds and 1 double bond. This gives a trigonal planar geometr ...
Handout 5
... than the five-membered ring! Why? The assumption that all cyclic molecules are planar is not accurate. Because three points define a plane, the carbons of cyclopropane indeed lie in a plane as it cannot twist. As a result, cyclpropane is planar. On the other hand, other cycloalkanes are not planar. ...
... than the five-membered ring! Why? The assumption that all cyclic molecules are planar is not accurate. Because three points define a plane, the carbons of cyclopropane indeed lie in a plane as it cannot twist. As a result, cyclpropane is planar. On the other hand, other cycloalkanes are not planar. ...
Name HOMEWORK PACKET - CARBON: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
... 2. Hydrocarbon molecules only contain carbon and ____________ atoms. 3. The ____________ family of hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms. 4. Chemists have been able to make synthetic ____________ called plastic. Directions: Fill in the blank with True or False. If the state ...
... 2. Hydrocarbon molecules only contain carbon and ____________ atoms. 3. The ____________ family of hydrocarbons contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms. 4. Chemists have been able to make synthetic ____________ called plastic. Directions: Fill in the blank with True or False. If the state ...
An Introduction to Organic Chemistry
... ALL linear carbons such as those found in triple bonds are sp hybridised. The unused p orbitals on each carbon overlap to form the π parts of the triple bond, e.g. ethyne (acetylene). ...
... ALL linear carbons such as those found in triple bonds are sp hybridised. The unused p orbitals on each carbon overlap to form the π parts of the triple bond, e.g. ethyne (acetylene). ...
AP Biology - cloudfront.net
... Each enantiomer exhibits what is called optical activity. Each isomer of the pair is capable of rotating plane polarized light. One isomer rotates this light to the right "x" number of degrees, and the other isomer of the pair rotates this light to the left for the same number of degrees. In fact, t ...
... Each enantiomer exhibits what is called optical activity. Each isomer of the pair is capable of rotating plane polarized light. One isomer rotates this light to the right "x" number of degrees, and the other isomer of the pair rotates this light to the left for the same number of degrees. In fact, t ...
Lecture 18
... Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) are released by the adrenal medulla during stressful situations They raise the blood glucose level and move blood to the muscles. The prefix nor in a drug name means there is one less —CH3 group on the nitrogen atom. Norepinephrine is used ...
... Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) are released by the adrenal medulla during stressful situations They raise the blood glucose level and move blood to the muscles. The prefix nor in a drug name means there is one less —CH3 group on the nitrogen atom. Norepinephrine is used ...
Yearly Lesson Plan 2007
... explain the effects on boiling points of alkenes due to increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkene molecules, describe chemical properties of alkenes, compare and contrast alkanes with alkenes. relate the reactivities of alkanes and alkenes to their chemical bonds. generalise the cha ...
... explain the effects on boiling points of alkenes due to increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkene molecules, describe chemical properties of alkenes, compare and contrast alkanes with alkenes. relate the reactivities of alkanes and alkenes to their chemical bonds. generalise the cha ...
Alkanes In alkanes, the C-C bonds are weaker than the C
... not caused by CH2 elimination, but by fragmentation at different points in the chain of both molecular and fragment ions. The composition of the fragment ions is CnH2n+1 , together with a series of less intense peaks at CnH2n-1 , due to elimination of H2 from the higher fragment ions. The molecular ...
... not caused by CH2 elimination, but by fragmentation at different points in the chain of both molecular and fragment ions. The composition of the fragment ions is CnH2n+1 , together with a series of less intense peaks at CnH2n-1 , due to elimination of H2 from the higher fragment ions. The molecular ...
Amines - Chemistry Geek
... If you consider a primary amine to be an amino group attached to an alkane, you would simply name it as you would an alkane derivative Name the longest carbon chain the parent chain Count the amine group as an attached group with prefix amino ...
... If you consider a primary amine to be an amino group attached to an alkane, you would simply name it as you would an alkane derivative Name the longest carbon chain the parent chain Count the amine group as an attached group with prefix amino ...
Organic Reactions
... • Diatomic gas has two atoms – both add to opposite sides of the double bond (and opposite sides of the ...
... • Diatomic gas has two atoms – both add to opposite sides of the double bond (and opposite sides of the ...
Honors Chemistry Name Julien Period _____ Date Chapter 17
... Rules for naming alkanes with substituents. STEP 1: Write the alkane name of the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. STEP 2: Number the carbon atoms starting from the end near a substituent. Once you start numbering, continue in that same direction. STEP 3: Give the location and name of each ...
... Rules for naming alkanes with substituents. STEP 1: Write the alkane name of the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. STEP 2: Number the carbon atoms starting from the end near a substituent. Once you start numbering, continue in that same direction. STEP 3: Give the location and name of each ...
TOPIC 2. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Chapter 2)
... Hydrogen Bonding Electrostatic attraction between lone pairs (e.g., on N, O, S, F, Cl, …) and a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom (e.g., on N, O, S, F, Cl,…) - Hydrogen is δ+ because of dipole - Heteroatom has lone pair(s) of electrons H ...
... Hydrogen Bonding Electrostatic attraction between lone pairs (e.g., on N, O, S, F, Cl, …) and a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom (e.g., on N, O, S, F, Cl,…) - Hydrogen is δ+ because of dipole - Heteroatom has lone pair(s) of electrons H ...
Quiz #3 will be concerning Types of Organic Compounds and types
... Know what types of functional groups are found in each type of compound. Be able to identify compound types if I draw a picture of the compound. (Like we did in lab for practice before we started the Ester Labs) – Make sure you look over the sheet of types of compounds. You must memorize which type ...
... Know what types of functional groups are found in each type of compound. Be able to identify compound types if I draw a picture of the compound. (Like we did in lab for practice before we started the Ester Labs) – Make sure you look over the sheet of types of compounds. You must memorize which type ...
CH CH CH CH2 CH3 CH CH3 Br CH CH CH CH2 CH3 CH CH3 F
... d. With alkoxides: CH3CH(CH3)CH2Br + CH3ONa → e. With salts of carboxylic acids: CH3CH2I + CH3COOK → Reactivity of halogenoalkenes and halogenoarenes Due to a conjugation, i.e. an interaction of lone electron pairs of a halogen atom with the -electrons of either alkenes or arenes, the carbon – halo ...
... d. With alkoxides: CH3CH(CH3)CH2Br + CH3ONa → e. With salts of carboxylic acids: CH3CH2I + CH3COOK → Reactivity of halogenoalkenes and halogenoarenes Due to a conjugation, i.e. an interaction of lone electron pairs of a halogen atom with the -electrons of either alkenes or arenes, the carbon – halo ...
3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and
... characteristic chemical reactivity is called a functional group Chemical reactions of an organic molecule are determined by its functional groups Alkanes are a class of saturated hydrocarbons Alkanes don’t contain functional groups, are relatively inert, and can be either straight-chain or branched ...
... characteristic chemical reactivity is called a functional group Chemical reactions of an organic molecule are determined by its functional groups Alkanes are a class of saturated hydrocarbons Alkanes don’t contain functional groups, are relatively inert, and can be either straight-chain or branched ...
CHAPTER 4 CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR
... electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds. This tetravalence by carbon makes large, complex molecules possible. When carbon forms covalent bonds with four other atoms, they are arranged at the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron with bond angles near 109o. While drawn flat, they are ac ...
... electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds. This tetravalence by carbon makes large, complex molecules possible. When carbon forms covalent bonds with four other atoms, they are arranged at the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron with bond angles near 109o. While drawn flat, they are ac ...
Summary of AS-level Paper 2 content - A
... structure, and to draw the structure of an organic compound given the name, limited to chains and rings with up to six carbon atoms each ...
... structure, and to draw the structure of an organic compound given the name, limited to chains and rings with up to six carbon atoms each ...
File - Mrs. Mintz`s Flipped Chemistry Classroom
... Chemists(use(a(system(developed(by(the(IUPAC((International(Union(of(Pure(and( Applied(Chemistry)(system(for(naming(isomers.(Here(is(a(simple(list(of(rules(to(follow.( Some(examples(are(given(at(the(end(of(the(list.(( ...
... Chemists(use(a(system(developed(by(the(IUPAC((International(Union(of(Pure(and( Applied(Chemistry)(system(for(naming(isomers.(Here(is(a(simple(list(of(rules(to(follow.( Some(examples(are(given(at(the(end(of(the(list.(( ...
Alkane
In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical name that also has other meanings), is a saturated hydrocarbon. Alkanes consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms and all bonds are single bonds. Alkanes (technically, always acyclic or open-chain compounds) have the general chemical formula CnH2n+2. For example, Methane is CH4, in which n=1 (n being the number of Carbon atoms). Alkanes belong to a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ by a molecular mass of 14.03u (mass of a methanediyl group, —CH2—, one carbon atom of mass 12.01u, and two hydrogen atoms of mass ≈1.01u each). There are two main commercial sources: petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas.Each carbon atom has 4 bonds (either C-H or C-C bonds), and each hydrogen atom is joined to a carbon atom (H-C bonds). A series of linked carbon atoms is known as the carbon skeleton or carbon backbone. The number of carbon atoms is used to define the size of the alkane e.g., C2-alkane.An alkyl group, generally abbreviated with the symbol R, is a functional group or side-chain that, like an alkane, consists solely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms, for example a methyl or ethyl group.The simplest possible alkane (the parent molecule) is methane, CH4. There is no limit to the number of carbon atoms that can be linked together, the only limitation being that the molecule is acyclic, is saturated, and is a hydrocarbon. Waxes include examples of larger alkanes where the number of carbons in the carbon backbone is greater than about 17, above which the compounds are solids at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP).Alkanes are not very reactive and have little biological activity. All alkanes are colourless and odourless. Alkanes can be viewed as a molecular tree upon which can be hung the more biologically active/reactive portions (functional groups) of the molecule.