The role of ABA and MAPK signaling pathways in
... ABA binding to PYR/PYL/RCARs induces a conformational change that exposes the interaction surface allowing for favorable binding of some PP2Cs (Cutler et al., 2010). In yeast and mammals, PP2Cs act as general negative regulators of stress signaling through the regulation of the stress-activated MAPK ...
... ABA binding to PYR/PYL/RCARs induces a conformational change that exposes the interaction surface allowing for favorable binding of some PP2Cs (Cutler et al., 2010). In yeast and mammals, PP2Cs act as general negative regulators of stress signaling through the regulation of the stress-activated MAPK ...
Structural and Functional Comparisons of Retroviral Envelope
... codes for the viral protease that is also present in all retroviruses. Distinguishing them from simple retroviruses, complex retroviruses also encode a number of accessory proteins that carry out additional virus-specific functions. The proteins common to all retroviruses (Gag, Pol, Pro and Env) hav ...
... codes for the viral protease that is also present in all retroviruses. Distinguishing them from simple retroviruses, complex retroviruses also encode a number of accessory proteins that carry out additional virus-specific functions. The proteins common to all retroviruses (Gag, Pol, Pro and Env) hav ...
Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa
... the phylogenetic profiles of it’s components, which is to say the organisms in which the components are present or absent. Rab proteins are central regulators of this system. One of the objectives of this work is the identification and classification of this protein family in a vast number of organi ...
... the phylogenetic profiles of it’s components, which is to say the organisms in which the components are present or absent. Rab proteins are central regulators of this system. One of the objectives of this work is the identification and classification of this protein family in a vast number of organi ...
Allosteric Modulators of Steroid Hormone Receptors: Structural
... acid sequences of SHR-like proteins from different organisms, including invertebrates such as molluscs and annelids, it has been proposed that the ancestral gene for SHRs was ER-like and bound estrogens (reviewed in Ref. 61). The binding of hormone has dramatic consequences for individual receptor s ...
... acid sequences of SHR-like proteins from different organisms, including invertebrates such as molluscs and annelids, it has been proposed that the ancestral gene for SHRs was ER-like and bound estrogens (reviewed in Ref. 61). The binding of hormone has dramatic consequences for individual receptor s ...
Novel Ubiquitin Fusion Proteins: Ribosomal Protein
... present in B. natans polyubiquitin genes and to the ubiquitin moieties of the S27a and L40 fusion proteins. In contrast, the ubiquitin extension encoded by actin-3 was more divergent at the protein level than is typical of ubiquitin (the cDNA encoding this gene was slightly truncated at its 50 end). ...
... present in B. natans polyubiquitin genes and to the ubiquitin moieties of the S27a and L40 fusion proteins. In contrast, the ubiquitin extension encoded by actin-3 was more divergent at the protein level than is typical of ubiquitin (the cDNA encoding this gene was slightly truncated at its 50 end). ...
FtsZ - Cytoskeleton, Inc.
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
The travels of mRNAs through all cells large and small
... nantly in the mechanism of mRNA localization in oocytes, whereas somatic cells such as fibroblasts used microfilaments for mRNA localization (26). For example, bcd RNA localization in Drosophila oocytes and Vg1 RNA localization in Xenopus oocytes could be disrupted by microtubule-depolymerizing drug ...
... nantly in the mechanism of mRNA localization in oocytes, whereas somatic cells such as fibroblasts used microfilaments for mRNA localization (26). For example, bcd RNA localization in Drosophila oocytes and Vg1 RNA localization in Xenopus oocytes could be disrupted by microtubule-depolymerizing drug ...
Dissociation of a ll0-kD Peripheral Membrane Protein from the Golgi
... binds to microtubules in vitro (Bloom and Brashear [1989]); and (c) two cytoplasmically oriented peripheral Golgi membrane proteins of 54 and 86 kD recognized by the mAb 6F4C5 (Chicheportiche et al., 1984). In this report we show that the ll0-kD protein dissociates from the Golgi complex within 30 s ...
... binds to microtubules in vitro (Bloom and Brashear [1989]); and (c) two cytoplasmically oriented peripheral Golgi membrane proteins of 54 and 86 kD recognized by the mAb 6F4C5 (Chicheportiche et al., 1984). In this report we show that the ll0-kD protein dissociates from the Golgi complex within 30 s ...
REGULATION OF CDC14: PATHWAYS AND CHECKPOINTS OF
... for the inactivation of mitotic Cdks and/or for the completion of cytokinesis. However, the apparent discrepancy between the MEN and SIN outputs has caused some distraction in the studies of this important cell cycle circuitry. It is possible that the different findings between the budding and fissi ...
... for the inactivation of mitotic Cdks and/or for the completion of cytokinesis. However, the apparent discrepancy between the MEN and SIN outputs has caused some distraction in the studies of this important cell cycle circuitry. It is possible that the different findings between the budding and fissi ...
A Lipid Transfer–like Protein Is Necessary for Lily
... large amount of material (10 mg) was loaded, as shown in Figure 5B. When this 9-kD protein was eluted from the SDS gel and combined with the petal homogenate or a citratesoluble stylar extract, each fraction of which had no adhesion activity alone, the mixtures showed adhesion activity (Tables 1 and ...
... large amount of material (10 mg) was loaded, as shown in Figure 5B. When this 9-kD protein was eluted from the SDS gel and combined with the petal homogenate or a citratesoluble stylar extract, each fraction of which had no adhesion activity alone, the mixtures showed adhesion activity (Tables 1 and ...
Subcellular Trafficking of Mammalian Lysosomal Proteins: An
... by contrast to the first two members of this family, AP-3 and AP-4 appear to be involved in both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent vesicular transport mechanisms. Both the YXXΦ and [D/E]XXXL[L/I] motifs are recognized by AP-3, whereas only YXXΦ motifs seem to bind to AP-4. AP-5, the last m ...
... by contrast to the first two members of this family, AP-3 and AP-4 appear to be involved in both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent vesicular transport mechanisms. Both the YXXΦ and [D/E]XXXL[L/I] motifs are recognized by AP-3, whereas only YXXΦ motifs seem to bind to AP-4. AP-5, the last m ...
From transporter to transceptor
... complex, with cooperation from the GGA coat proteins functioning as ubiquitin-sorting receptors at the TGN. In the next step, ubiquitinated Gap1 is delivered to the multivesicular body (MVB), where the second sorting decision is made: the ubiquitinated permease may either become MVB cargo for delive ...
... complex, with cooperation from the GGA coat proteins functioning as ubiquitin-sorting receptors at the TGN. In the next step, ubiquitinated Gap1 is delivered to the multivesicular body (MVB), where the second sorting decision is made: the ubiquitinated permease may either become MVB cargo for delive ...
The Activity of a Developmentally Regulated Cysteine Proteinase Is
... the cyst wall there are two proteins that we have previously identified and characterized: CWP1 (26 kDa) and CWP2 (39 kDa). Expression of these proteins is coordinately induced, and both concentrated within encystation-specific secretory vesicles before their extracellular polymerization. Although h ...
... the cyst wall there are two proteins that we have previously identified and characterized: CWP1 (26 kDa) and CWP2 (39 kDa). Expression of these proteins is coordinately induced, and both concentrated within encystation-specific secretory vesicles before their extracellular polymerization. Although h ...
PDF - Hormones.gr
... kDa) and GABARAP (-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-associated protein)50 were found to interact with the ULK1 kinase. Since GATE-16, GABARAP, and MAP-LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3) are putative orthologues of yeast Atg8a (essential for autophagosome formation), it has been pos ...
... kDa) and GABARAP (-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-associated protein)50 were found to interact with the ULK1 kinase. Since GATE-16, GABARAP, and MAP-LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3) are putative orthologues of yeast Atg8a (essential for autophagosome formation), it has been pos ...
Word - The Open University
... actin; in humans there are six principal isoforms, four of which are found in different types of muscle and the other two (β and γ) in all non-muscle cells. (The term ‘isoform’ describes variants of a protein. These may be produced by different genes, or by differential splicing of the mRNA, or be g ...
... actin; in humans there are six principal isoforms, four of which are found in different types of muscle and the other two (β and γ) in all non-muscle cells. (The term ‘isoform’ describes variants of a protein. These may be produced by different genes, or by differential splicing of the mRNA, or be g ...
Cardiolipin-Mediated Mitochondrial Dynamics and
... 1 to 20) was sufficient to target the protein to mitochondria. However, when signal 1 was deleted, signal 2 (amino acids 42 to 140) could direct the protein to both mitochondria and chloroplasts (Supplemental Figure 3B). Since both signals are fairly well conserved in plant CLS sequences (Supplementa ...
... 1 to 20) was sufficient to target the protein to mitochondria. However, when signal 1 was deleted, signal 2 (amino acids 42 to 140) could direct the protein to both mitochondria and chloroplasts (Supplemental Figure 3B). Since both signals are fairly well conserved in plant CLS sequences (Supplementa ...
Methodology for the extraction of Bacterial protein
... Centrifugation followed by Buffer treatment (Slide 9-11) Cell Lysis by sonication (Slide 12-14) Trizol treatment (Slide 12-14) ...
... Centrifugation followed by Buffer treatment (Slide 9-11) Cell Lysis by sonication (Slide 12-14) Trizol treatment (Slide 12-14) ...
On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions
... RNA polymerases, and a battery of accessory translation factors such as EF-Tu and EF-G that are present in all prokaryotes (Poole et al. 1998, 1999), probably along with other more or less ubiquitous prokarytotic proteins such as F1–F0-type ATPases (Gogarten et al. 1989) as well as prokaryotic forms ...
... RNA polymerases, and a battery of accessory translation factors such as EF-Tu and EF-G that are present in all prokaryotes (Poole et al. 1998, 1999), probably along with other more or less ubiquitous prokarytotic proteins such as F1–F0-type ATPases (Gogarten et al. 1989) as well as prokaryotic forms ...
Posttranslational Modification of MDM2
... STAT5, and Ras/ERK pathways). In contrast, however, nuclear c-Abl plays a pivotal role in mediating apoptosis (39) and is phosphorylated and activated by the ATM protein kinase in response to genotoxic agents (40, 41). Part of the mechanism(s) by which nuclear c-Abl can induce apoptosis involves pho ...
... STAT5, and Ras/ERK pathways). In contrast, however, nuclear c-Abl plays a pivotal role in mediating apoptosis (39) and is phosphorylated and activated by the ATM protein kinase in response to genotoxic agents (40, 41). Part of the mechanism(s) by which nuclear c-Abl can induce apoptosis involves pho ...
Phototropism: Growing towards an Understanding of
... to allow establishment of a trans-organ gradient of the hormone. Photosignaling also impinges on the transcriptional regulation response established as a result of changes in local auxin concentrations. Three additional phytohormone signaling pathways have also been shown to influence phototropic res ...
... to allow establishment of a trans-organ gradient of the hormone. Photosignaling also impinges on the transcriptional regulation response established as a result of changes in local auxin concentrations. Three additional phytohormone signaling pathways have also been shown to influence phototropic res ...
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Induces Wnt
... of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of functional similarities observed in the two pathways. We used normal rat liver, primary hepatocyte cultures and a dominant-negative Met expression system to study the effect of HGF on Wnt pathway components. We demonstrate novel association of -cateni ...
... of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of functional similarities observed in the two pathways. We used normal rat liver, primary hepatocyte cultures and a dominant-negative Met expression system to study the effect of HGF on Wnt pathway components. We demonstrate novel association of -cateni ...
Serial endosymbiosis or singular event at the origin of eukaryotes?
... ancestor—we may ask: how many homologous base pair sequences in DNA do they share? The number of mutational steps which occurred to produce one from the other is related to the number of generations elapsed since the two populations diverged” (Sagan, 1967 p. 249). On the other hand, her estimates of ...
... ancestor—we may ask: how many homologous base pair sequences in DNA do they share? The number of mutational steps which occurred to produce one from the other is related to the number of generations elapsed since the two populations diverged” (Sagan, 1967 p. 249). On the other hand, her estimates of ...
Prediction of protease substrates using sequence
... the C-terminal tails of their substrates (Jemth and Gianni, 2007); multifunctional SH3 domains, which recognize a linear motif of the form Pro-Xaa-Xaa-Pro (Kaneko et al., 2008); and class I MHC proteins, which bind nine-residue peptides with specificity varying across different MHC molecules (Sieker ...
... the C-terminal tails of their substrates (Jemth and Gianni, 2007); multifunctional SH3 domains, which recognize a linear motif of the form Pro-Xaa-Xaa-Pro (Kaneko et al., 2008); and class I MHC proteins, which bind nine-residue peptides with specificity varying across different MHC molecules (Sieker ...
Photopolymerized Cross-Linked Polyacrylamide Gels for On
... near the offset double-T junction upon application of an electric field if this extended photopolymerization step was omitted. The tears may arise from stresses induced by electroosmotic flow in channels filled with a nonuniformly polymerized gel.21 As depicted in Figure 1D, the UV exposure step res ...
... near the offset double-T junction upon application of an electric field if this extended photopolymerization step was omitted. The tears may arise from stresses induced by electroosmotic flow in channels filled with a nonuniformly polymerized gel.21 As depicted in Figure 1D, the UV exposure step res ...
Enzymatic reduction of disulfide bonds in lysosomes
... optimally active at low pH and capable of catalyzing disulfide bond reduction both in vivo and in vitro. The active site, determined by mutagenesis, consists of a pair of cysteine residues separated by two amino acids, similar to other enzymes of the thioredoxin family. The enzyme is a soluble glyco ...
... optimally active at low pH and capable of catalyzing disulfide bond reduction both in vivo and in vitro. The active site, determined by mutagenesis, consists of a pair of cysteine residues separated by two amino acids, similar to other enzymes of the thioredoxin family. The enzyme is a soluble glyco ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.