Physiological and pathophysiological roles of extracellular ATP in
... of carbon dioxide)], acidosis (low pH) and hypoxia (low pO2 ), trigger glomus cells to release neurotransmitters that activate afferent nerve fibres of the carotid sinus nerve, thereby transducing chemosensory information to the respiratory centres in order to evoke adaptive changes in breathing [4] ...
... of carbon dioxide)], acidosis (low pH) and hypoxia (low pO2 ), trigger glomus cells to release neurotransmitters that activate afferent nerve fibres of the carotid sinus nerve, thereby transducing chemosensory information to the respiratory centres in order to evoke adaptive changes in breathing [4] ...
Human olfaction: from genomic variation to phenotypic diversity
... Figure 1. The genes of the olfactory pathway. (a) 3D model of an OR, OR7D4, based on its alignment to the structure of b-adrenergic receptor [68]. ORs, like other GPCRs, have seven trans-membrane helices (labeled 1–7), with an extracellular N terminus (N) and an intra-cellular C terminus (C). Solven ...
... Figure 1. The genes of the olfactory pathway. (a) 3D model of an OR, OR7D4, based on its alignment to the structure of b-adrenergic receptor [68]. ORs, like other GPCRs, have seven trans-membrane helices (labeled 1–7), with an extracellular N terminus (N) and an intra-cellular C terminus (C). Solven ...
Table of Contents - College Test bank
... Diagram an atom of nitrogen (which consists of 7 protons, 7 neutrons, and 7 electrons). Be sure to indicate in your illustration the relative size, position, and charge of the subatomic particles. Text Section: LO2 Key Concept: atomic structure Level: Application of concepts Answer: The diagram shou ...
... Diagram an atom of nitrogen (which consists of 7 protons, 7 neutrons, and 7 electrons). Be sure to indicate in your illustration the relative size, position, and charge of the subatomic particles. Text Section: LO2 Key Concept: atomic structure Level: Application of concepts Answer: The diagram shou ...
Table of Contents
... Diagram an atom of nitrogen (which consists of 7 protons, 7 neutrons, and 7 electrons). Be sure to indicate in your illustration the relative size, position, and charge of the subatomic particles. Text Section: LO2 Key Concept: atomic structure Level: Application of concepts Answer: The diagram shou ...
... Diagram an atom of nitrogen (which consists of 7 protons, 7 neutrons, and 7 electrons). Be sure to indicate in your illustration the relative size, position, and charge of the subatomic particles. Text Section: LO2 Key Concept: atomic structure Level: Application of concepts Answer: The diagram shou ...
PDGF signalling controls the migration of mesoderm cells during
... severe gastrulation defects (Ataliotis et al., 1995). The embryos showed a loss of anterior structures and failure of proper closure of the neural tube resulting in spina bifida, suggesting a defect in the anterior migration of mesodermal cells. Explanted prechordal plate mesoderm cells are able to ...
... severe gastrulation defects (Ataliotis et al., 1995). The embryos showed a loss of anterior structures and failure of proper closure of the neural tube resulting in spina bifida, suggesting a defect in the anterior migration of mesodermal cells. Explanted prechordal plate mesoderm cells are able to ...
Table of Contents
... Diagram an atom of nitrogen (which consists of 7 protons, 7 neutrons, and 7 electrons). Be sure to indicate in your illustration the relative size, position, and charge of the subatomic particles. Text Section: LO2 Key Concept: atomic structure Level: Application of concepts Answer: The diagram shou ...
... Diagram an atom of nitrogen (which consists of 7 protons, 7 neutrons, and 7 electrons). Be sure to indicate in your illustration the relative size, position, and charge of the subatomic particles. Text Section: LO2 Key Concept: atomic structure Level: Application of concepts Answer: The diagram shou ...
Full and Partial Agonists of Muscarinic M3 Receptors Reveal Single
... obtained from Invitrogen. All other reagents were of analytical grade and were obtained from Sigma Chemical or Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). ECL Plus reagents, Hyperfilm, and myo-[3H]inositol with PT6-271 (81Ci mmol⫺1) were from GE Healthcare (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK). G␣s polyc ...
... obtained from Invitrogen. All other reagents were of analytical grade and were obtained from Sigma Chemical or Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). ECL Plus reagents, Hyperfilm, and myo-[3H]inositol with PT6-271 (81Ci mmol⫺1) were from GE Healthcare (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK). G␣s polyc ...
Stabilization Proliferative Potential and Telomere Length Increased
... trinsic cellular program of replicative senescence, which poses a strict limit on proliferation of normal T cells and is associated with shortened telomeres, altered function, and changes in gene expression, has the potential to play a role in HIV disease progression. It is becoming increasingly cle ...
... trinsic cellular program of replicative senescence, which poses a strict limit on proliferation of normal T cells and is associated with shortened telomeres, altered function, and changes in gene expression, has the potential to play a role in HIV disease progression. It is becoming increasingly cle ...
Full Text - The International Journal of Developmental Biology
... Fig. 3 (Left). Expression of IoN-Dl pathway components during the early cleavage stages. (A) IoN: At the 2q stage, all cells in the embryo have a low level of cytoplasmic expression. 2q cells have slightly stronger cytoplasmic expression. All cells in the embryo, with the exception of 1q cells, have ...
... Fig. 3 (Left). Expression of IoN-Dl pathway components during the early cleavage stages. (A) IoN: At the 2q stage, all cells in the embryo have a low level of cytoplasmic expression. 2q cells have slightly stronger cytoplasmic expression. All cells in the embryo, with the exception of 1q cells, have ...
Cell Wall Polysaccharides are Mislocalized to the Vacuole in
... several routes of post-Golgi trafficking to the plasma membrane and cell wall may exist. More recently, molecular genetic studies have corroborated these inhibitor studies and identified several specific targets of these inhibitors. A screen employing secreted green fluorescent protein (secGFP), whi ...
... several routes of post-Golgi trafficking to the plasma membrane and cell wall may exist. More recently, molecular genetic studies have corroborated these inhibitor studies and identified several specific targets of these inhibitors. A screen employing secreted green fluorescent protein (secGFP), whi ...
Distribution of phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding
... CREB-1, a pleiotropic leucine zipper transcription factor, mediates important mechanisms governing several physiological functions of the central nervous system ranging from development to plasticity and disease [1, 2]. The canonical pathway that leads to the activation of CREB-1 by phosphorylation ...
... CREB-1, a pleiotropic leucine zipper transcription factor, mediates important mechanisms governing several physiological functions of the central nervous system ranging from development to plasticity and disease [1, 2]. The canonical pathway that leads to the activation of CREB-1 by phosphorylation ...
Effects of signaling on subcellular localization of MITF
... regulated by signaling, for example through the MAPK pathway which mediates signals with protein phosphorylations. The MAPK pathway is deregulated in at least 90% of all melanomas. When transcription factors are phosphorylated, it can affect their activity, stability, protein interactions and their ...
... regulated by signaling, for example through the MAPK pathway which mediates signals with protein phosphorylations. The MAPK pathway is deregulated in at least 90% of all melanomas. When transcription factors are phosphorylated, it can affect their activity, stability, protein interactions and their ...
File - western undergrad. by the students, for the students.
... also have internal membranes that divide the cell into different compartments (Fig 11-3, p.366). Biological membranes have several important functions: 1. They separate the contents of a cell or organelle from the surrounding environment. 2. They control import and export of molecules (e.g., nutrien ...
... also have internal membranes that divide the cell into different compartments (Fig 11-3, p.366). Biological membranes have several important functions: 1. They separate the contents of a cell or organelle from the surrounding environment. 2. They control import and export of molecules (e.g., nutrien ...
Giant Spontaneous Depolarizing Potentials in the Developing
... glutamate receptors. We established three absolute criteria for all age groups to reliably isolate tGDPs from simple sIPSCs. The three basic properties include amplitudes ⬎100 pA (ⱕ700 pA), durations of 0.4 –3 s (defined as time of decay from peak to 10% of the peak amplitude; i.e., 90% width), and ...
... glutamate receptors. We established three absolute criteria for all age groups to reliably isolate tGDPs from simple sIPSCs. The three basic properties include amplitudes ⬎100 pA (ⱕ700 pA), durations of 0.4 –3 s (defined as time of decay from peak to 10% of the peak amplitude; i.e., 90% width), and ...
Chapter 2.3 Active Cell Processes: Motility, Muscle, and Mechanotransduction
... In Chapter 2.1, the process by which leukocytes adhere to the wall of a blood vessel was described, involving first transient adhesion and rolling, and eventually firm attachment to the wall, mediated by various adhesive receptor-ligand interactions. Having adhered to the endothelium, the cell then ...
... In Chapter 2.1, the process by which leukocytes adhere to the wall of a blood vessel was described, involving first transient adhesion and rolling, and eventually firm attachment to the wall, mediated by various adhesive receptor-ligand interactions. Having adhered to the endothelium, the cell then ...
The Molecular Organization of Endothelial Cell to
... Dejana, manuscript submitted for publication) or cadherin-5 (Suzuki et al., 1991; Lampugnani et al., 1992). VE-cadherin is a newly described member of the cadherin family that is selectively expressed by EC of all types of vessels both in culture and in situ (Lampugnani et al., 1992; Leach et al., 1 ...
... Dejana, manuscript submitted for publication) or cadherin-5 (Suzuki et al., 1991; Lampugnani et al., 1992). VE-cadherin is a newly described member of the cadherin family that is selectively expressed by EC of all types of vessels both in culture and in situ (Lampugnani et al., 1992; Leach et al., 1 ...
IL-10 transcription is negatively regulated by BAF180, a component
... [46]. The BAF180 protein includes an HMG DNA binding domain, two bromo-adjacent homology domains involved in protein-protein interactions and an array of six tandem bromodomains shown to bind to specific acetylated histone residues [42]. Recruitment of BAF180 to its specific gene targets has been su ...
... [46]. The BAF180 protein includes an HMG DNA binding domain, two bromo-adjacent homology domains involved in protein-protein interactions and an array of six tandem bromodomains shown to bind to specific acetylated histone residues [42]. Recruitment of BAF180 to its specific gene targets has been su ...
5. Parvoviral Host Range and Cell Entry Mechanisms.
... hydrogen bonds with the inner surface of the capsid (AgbandjeMcKenna et al., 1998; Xie and Chapman, 1996). Remarkably, not all of the genome is contained within the particle. DNA packaging proceeds in a 30 -to-50 direction, but the 50 end of the strand is left projecting through the capsid wall at a ...
... hydrogen bonds with the inner surface of the capsid (AgbandjeMcKenna et al., 1998; Xie and Chapman, 1996). Remarkably, not all of the genome is contained within the particle. DNA packaging proceeds in a 30 -to-50 direction, but the 50 end of the strand is left projecting through the capsid wall at a ...
Regulated adhesion as a driving force of gastrulation movements
... often used to measure relative ‘adhesiveness’ between cells, because cells with higher affinity end up in the centre of reaggregates, surrounded by cells with lower affinity (Steinberg, 2007). Several variants of the assay exist, for instance, incubating cells in ‘hanging drops’ or re-transplanting ...
... often used to measure relative ‘adhesiveness’ between cells, because cells with higher affinity end up in the centre of reaggregates, surrounded by cells with lower affinity (Steinberg, 2007). Several variants of the assay exist, for instance, incubating cells in ‘hanging drops’ or re-transplanting ...
Distribution of major serum proteins in an airbrea
... (control) was visually counted as seventeen (Fig. 1A). Overloading obscured clear resolution of fastest migrating β-globulin bands (Fig. 1A, lanes 1,4 and 5) labeled as transferrins (Trf), while that labeled as albumin (Alb) was not visualized if the quantity of loaded serum was too low (Fig. 1A, la ...
... (control) was visually counted as seventeen (Fig. 1A). Overloading obscured clear resolution of fastest migrating β-globulin bands (Fig. 1A, lanes 1,4 and 5) labeled as transferrins (Trf), while that labeled as albumin (Alb) was not visualized if the quantity of loaded serum was too low (Fig. 1A, la ...
Biology: Concepts & Connections CHAPTER 29 The Senses
... • Taste receptors are sensory neurons located in the back of the throat and on the tongue (taste ...
... • Taste receptors are sensory neurons located in the back of the throat and on the tongue (taste ...
Full-Text PDF
... For example, contractile signaling in the gastrointestinal smooth muscle [3] can include acetylcholine stimulation of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors, ATP/UTP stimulation of P2Y2 receptors, S1P stimulation of S1P2 receptors and NPY/PP stimulation of Y2/Y4 receptors. In the vascular smooth muscle [5], ...
... For example, contractile signaling in the gastrointestinal smooth muscle [3] can include acetylcholine stimulation of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors, ATP/UTP stimulation of P2Y2 receptors, S1P stimulation of S1P2 receptors and NPY/PP stimulation of Y2/Y4 receptors. In the vascular smooth muscle [5], ...
The common northern periwinkle, Littorina littorea
... conversion of succinate to propionate in some species is linked with additional ATP synthesis. As aspartate pools become depleted, a metabolic shift takes place that directs the output of glycolysis, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), into the synthesis of oxaloacetate. This is accomplished via inhibition o ...
... conversion of succinate to propionate in some species is linked with additional ATP synthesis. As aspartate pools become depleted, a metabolic shift takes place that directs the output of glycolysis, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), into the synthesis of oxaloacetate. This is accomplished via inhibition o ...
Stimulation of naive T cell adhesion and immunological synapse
... defined as a ring of lymphocyte function associated (LFA)-1–ICAM-1 interactions surrounding a central cluster of MHC–peptide complexes, on supported planar bilayers containing ICAM-1 and relevant MHC–peptide complexes. Chemokines stimulated an increase in the percentage of naı̈ve cells that adhered ...
... defined as a ring of lymphocyte function associated (LFA)-1–ICAM-1 interactions surrounding a central cluster of MHC–peptide complexes, on supported planar bilayers containing ICAM-1 and relevant MHC–peptide complexes. Chemokines stimulated an increase in the percentage of naı̈ve cells that adhered ...
From: Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 408
... protein–protein and protein–nucleic acid interaction sites (molecular recognition fragments) and identify potential sites of posttranslational modifications. This knowledge can be used to drive subsequent research with the major focus on finding binding partners, analysis of resulting complexes, and ...
... protein–protein and protein–nucleic acid interaction sites (molecular recognition fragments) and identify potential sites of posttranslational modifications. This knowledge can be used to drive subsequent research with the major focus on finding binding partners, analysis of resulting complexes, and ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.