Neural integration
... Takes many forms: – physical force (such as pressure) – dissolved chemical ...
... Takes many forms: – physical force (such as pressure) – dissolved chemical ...
Localization of Green Fluorescent Protein Fusions
... patterns were observed in living cells, and these punctate GFP signals mostly colocalized with VSR antibodies in confocal immunofluorescence (Fig. 3A). In addition, wortmannin treatment caused the GFPmarked PVCs to vacuolate, while BFA treatment did not cause any changes in GFP-marked PVCs (Fig. 3A) ...
... patterns were observed in living cells, and these punctate GFP signals mostly colocalized with VSR antibodies in confocal immunofluorescence (Fig. 3A). In addition, wortmannin treatment caused the GFPmarked PVCs to vacuolate, while BFA treatment did not cause any changes in GFP-marked PVCs (Fig. 3A) ...
Synaptic and extrasynaptic traces of long-term memory
... that memories are stored in the form of synaptic weights. However, it is now also clear that the synapses are not permanent; in fact, synaptic patterns undergo significant change in a matter of hours. This means that to implement the long survival of distant memories (for several decades in humans), ...
... that memories are stored in the form of synaptic weights. However, it is now also clear that the synapses are not permanent; in fact, synaptic patterns undergo significant change in a matter of hours. This means that to implement the long survival of distant memories (for several decades in humans), ...
Regulation of developmental timing and germ cell proliferation in C
... Given this strong CEP-1-dependent checkpoint response to UV, we sought to characterize the genes regulated by CEP-1 in response to this stress. A large number of genes are activated and repressed by CEP-1 in response to UV radiation. To identify the set of C. elegans genes that are regulated by CEP- ...
... Given this strong CEP-1-dependent checkpoint response to UV, we sought to characterize the genes regulated by CEP-1 in response to this stress. A large number of genes are activated and repressed by CEP-1 in response to UV radiation. To identify the set of C. elegans genes that are regulated by CEP- ...
Induction of somatic embryogenesis as an example of stress
... carrot SE 2,4-D is required for the initiation of a program that can proceed further on its own, while the removal of 2,4-D from the induction medium may be important to control the cellular polarity, which is one of the first cytological event in the initiation phase. For this reason 2,4D not only ...
... carrot SE 2,4-D is required for the initiation of a program that can proceed further on its own, while the removal of 2,4-D from the induction medium may be important to control the cellular polarity, which is one of the first cytological event in the initiation phase. For this reason 2,4D not only ...
Modulation of calcium by sympathetic activation
... that of the target protein. The total cellular concentration of cAMP might be irrelevant to key regulatory pathways, except as an overflow from local cAMP-mediated signal transduction. However, if this is true, it is less clear how targeting would practically work for phospholamban and troponin I ph ...
... that of the target protein. The total cellular concentration of cAMP might be irrelevant to key regulatory pathways, except as an overflow from local cAMP-mediated signal transduction. However, if this is true, it is less clear how targeting would practically work for phospholamban and troponin I ph ...
uncorrected proof
... essentially in identical closed conformations, we will refer to molecule A of the crystal form H. Each individual CH domain is composed of four principal a-helices (A, C, E, and G) that form the core of the domain. Helices C and G are parallel with each other, sandwiched between N-terminal helix A, ...
... essentially in identical closed conformations, we will refer to molecule A of the crystal form H. Each individual CH domain is composed of four principal a-helices (A, C, E, and G) that form the core of the domain. Helices C and G are parallel with each other, sandwiched between N-terminal helix A, ...
Fluorescent Probe Studies of Proteins
... 1-Anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (ANS): Catalytic assays of phosphorylase kinase A number of fluorescent probes exhibit fluorescence char- ...
... 1-Anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (ANS): Catalytic assays of phosphorylase kinase A number of fluorescent probes exhibit fluorescence char- ...
E ect of SB 203580 on the activity of c-Raf in vitro and in vivo
... members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, but other members of this gene family are insensitive to SB 203580. These include SAPK3 (p38g) and SAPK4 (p38d) whose amino acid sequences are 60% identical to SAPK2a/p38 or SAPK2b/p38b2 (Goedert et al., 1997). SB 203580 also fails to inh ...
... members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, but other members of this gene family are insensitive to SB 203580. These include SAPK3 (p38g) and SAPK4 (p38d) whose amino acid sequences are 60% identical to SAPK2a/p38 or SAPK2b/p38b2 (Goedert et al., 1997). SB 203580 also fails to inh ...
Analysis of the stimulation of reporter gene expression by the ¢r3
... replication within the target cell. A major component of intracellular pathogenesis is the steps taken by the virus to redirect the metabolism of the cell to favour its growth and this often involves changes at both the transcriptional and translational level. Amongst the more striking examples of i ...
... replication within the target cell. A major component of intracellular pathogenesis is the steps taken by the virus to redirect the metabolism of the cell to favour its growth and this often involves changes at both the transcriptional and translational level. Amongst the more striking examples of i ...
The putative phosphatase All1758 is necessary for normal growth
... activates genes involved in the patterning and morphogenesis of heterocysts (Olmedo-Verd et al., 2005). Induction of differentiation, pattern formation and morphogenesis involves the transcription of hundreds of genes specific for the formation of heterocysts. The reversibility of protein phosphoryl ...
... activates genes involved in the patterning and morphogenesis of heterocysts (Olmedo-Verd et al., 2005). Induction of differentiation, pattern formation and morphogenesis involves the transcription of hundreds of genes specific for the formation of heterocysts. The reversibility of protein phosphoryl ...
Epigenetic Control of Cell Division and Cell Differentiation in the
... review, see Chen et al. (2010)]. Histone modifications have essential roles in plant development, such as seed development, vegetative growth, floral induction, and flower morphogenesis [for a review, see Wagner (2003)]. Chromatin structures are controlled not only at the level of histone modification, ...
... review, see Chen et al. (2010)]. Histone modifications have essential roles in plant development, such as seed development, vegetative growth, floral induction, and flower morphogenesis [for a review, see Wagner (2003)]. Chromatin structures are controlled not only at the level of histone modification, ...
From transporter to transceptor
... from a high level of the transporter in the membrane. The Gap1 general amino acid permease in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied as a model system for substrate-regulated intracellular trafficking. Research on this protein has revealed a complex set of regulatory mechanisms, not onl ...
... from a high level of the transporter in the membrane. The Gap1 general amino acid permease in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied as a model system for substrate-regulated intracellular trafficking. Research on this protein has revealed a complex set of regulatory mechanisms, not onl ...
Bdellovibrio
... * a 55 kb element that interrupts the fdxN gene is removed during heterocyst differentiation. This recombination is catalyzed by the xisF gene which acts at two directly repeating 5 bp sequences within the fdxN gene (shown as green triangles above). As a result, the nifB-fdxN-nifS-nifU operon can th ...
... * a 55 kb element that interrupts the fdxN gene is removed during heterocyst differentiation. This recombination is catalyzed by the xisF gene which acts at two directly repeating 5 bp sequences within the fdxN gene (shown as green triangles above). As a result, the nifB-fdxN-nifS-nifU operon can th ...
Molecular Biology of Woody Plants - College of Forestry
... appears to act via degradation of mature mRNAs during or after export from the nucleus (Mol et al., 1994; Que et al., 1997). Both mechanisms of cosuppression require that the transgene be highly similar to the target gene at the nucleotide level, thus requiring introduction of a second copy of the n ...
... appears to act via degradation of mature mRNAs during or after export from the nucleus (Mol et al., 1994; Que et al., 1997). Both mechanisms of cosuppression require that the transgene be highly similar to the target gene at the nucleotide level, thus requiring introduction of a second copy of the n ...
The grass leaf developmental gradient as a platform for a
... were achieved in evolution, since relatively few regulatory factors can re-pattern entire downstream networks producing the traits. The efficiency of C4 biochemistry has been enhanced by the evolution of optimized isoforms of C4 enzymes such as PEPC (Akyildiz et al., 2007; Gowik et al., 2004; Wang e ...
... were achieved in evolution, since relatively few regulatory factors can re-pattern entire downstream networks producing the traits. The efficiency of C4 biochemistry has been enhanced by the evolution of optimized isoforms of C4 enzymes such as PEPC (Akyildiz et al., 2007; Gowik et al., 2004; Wang e ...
Activators of the farnesoid X receptor negatively regulate androgen
... 30-fold more abundant in human hepatocytes when compared with prostate cells (Figure 1A). It is of interest that such a variation is close to the 56-fold difference in FXR mRNA levels reported between human liver and prostate tissues [22]. Since the presence of the FXR protein has never been demonst ...
... 30-fold more abundant in human hepatocytes when compared with prostate cells (Figure 1A). It is of interest that such a variation is close to the 56-fold difference in FXR mRNA levels reported between human liver and prostate tissues [22]. Since the presence of the FXR protein has never been demonst ...
central mechanisms underlying short-term and long
... occur at the onset of exercise). Furthermore, long-term changes (i.e. over hours or days or even longer periods) can also be evoked by various stimuli. Long-term changes also accompany certain disease states, such as heart failure. Whatever the source of the stimulus evoking changes in sympathetic a ...
... occur at the onset of exercise). Furthermore, long-term changes (i.e. over hours or days or even longer periods) can also be evoked by various stimuli. Long-term changes also accompany certain disease states, such as heart failure. Whatever the source of the stimulus evoking changes in sympathetic a ...
Ubiquitin and Plant Viruses, Let`s Play Together!
... of Ub from the E1 enzyme to a Ub-conjugating enzyme (E2); and (3) transfer of Ub from the E2 enzyme onto the protein substrate, a process achieved by an E3 ligase, which coordinates ubiquitination by providing a binding platform for E2 enzymes and specific substrates. E3 ligases constitute a large fa ...
... of Ub from the E1 enzyme to a Ub-conjugating enzyme (E2); and (3) transfer of Ub from the E2 enzyme onto the protein substrate, a process achieved by an E3 ligase, which coordinates ubiquitination by providing a binding platform for E2 enzymes and specific substrates. E3 ligases constitute a large fa ...
Selective and specific cleavage of the D 1 and D2 proteins of
... in the thylakoid membranes [5]. The half-time of the turnover of the DI protein under light conditions suitable for plant growth ranges from several to l0 h, while it can be as little as about half an hour under illumination with strong light that causes photoinhibition of photosynthesis [6]. Under ...
... in the thylakoid membranes [5]. The half-time of the turnover of the DI protein under light conditions suitable for plant growth ranges from several to l0 h, while it can be as little as about half an hour under illumination with strong light that causes photoinhibition of photosynthesis [6]. Under ...
Molecular Machinery Regulating Exocytosis
... Rabs have important interactive functions at different stages of exocytosis. Protein sorting in recycling endosomes depends upon the function of the small GTPase Rab4, a close homologue of Rab11 (Li, et al., 2008; Ward, et al., 2005). Rab3 also has a role in anterograde traffic between the trans-Gol ...
... Rabs have important interactive functions at different stages of exocytosis. Protein sorting in recycling endosomes depends upon the function of the small GTPase Rab4, a close homologue of Rab11 (Li, et al., 2008; Ward, et al., 2005). Rab3 also has a role in anterograde traffic between the trans-Gol ...
Cell Structures and Functions
... Where can we find the mitochondria and what is its purpose? The mitochondria are located within the cell and it is the part of the cell that helps change food into energy. f. Where the vacuoles and what are their purposes? The vacuoles are inside the cytoplasm that store food, water, and wastes. ...
... Where can we find the mitochondria and what is its purpose? The mitochondria are located within the cell and it is the part of the cell that helps change food into energy. f. Where the vacuoles and what are their purposes? The vacuoles are inside the cytoplasm that store food, water, and wastes. ...
Input of DNA microarrays to identify novel mechanisms - HAL
... of either mature plasma cells or immature plasmablasts may explain the partial overlap of the gene lists described in these two studies providing complementary information. In 2004, Munshi and al. analyzed the GEP of normal and malignant plasma cells purified from the bone marrow of genetically iden ...
... of either mature plasma cells or immature plasmablasts may explain the partial overlap of the gene lists described in these two studies providing complementary information. In 2004, Munshi and al. analyzed the GEP of normal and malignant plasma cells purified from the bone marrow of genetically iden ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis evades macrophage defenses by
... priming of antigen-specific T cell responses. In contrast, virulent mycobacteria such as wild-type strains of MTb cause macrophage death by a process that proceeds to necrosis, which produces a permeable cell membrane that enables bacteria to escape and spread. ...
... priming of antigen-specific T cell responses. In contrast, virulent mycobacteria such as wild-type strains of MTb cause macrophage death by a process that proceeds to necrosis, which produces a permeable cell membrane that enables bacteria to escape and spread. ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.