The variability of autophagy and cell death susceptibility
... randomly during nonselective (bulk cytoplasm) autophagy; however, specific organelles can be surrounded with the help of recognition proteins such as SQSTM1/p62 during selective autophagy.4 Subsequent docking and fusion with lysosomes occurs with the formation of an autolysosome, a process first pro ...
... randomly during nonselective (bulk cytoplasm) autophagy; however, specific organelles can be surrounded with the help of recognition proteins such as SQSTM1/p62 during selective autophagy.4 Subsequent docking and fusion with lysosomes occurs with the formation of an autolysosome, a process first pro ...
Connecting muscles to tendons - Development
... Tendon determination: autonomous versus non-autonomous induction The precise connectivity between muscles, tendons and bones is crucial for optimal locomotion of the organism, yet the pathways involved in this process are poorly understood. Several mechanisms could underlie the accurate connectivity ...
... Tendon determination: autonomous versus non-autonomous induction The precise connectivity between muscles, tendons and bones is crucial for optimal locomotion of the organism, yet the pathways involved in this process are poorly understood. Several mechanisms could underlie the accurate connectivity ...
Actin Interacting Protein1 and Actin Depolymerizing
... of tip-growing tissues, we examined this more closely. The tipgrowing protonemata are subdivided into two cell types: slowgrowing chloronemal cells and faster growing caulonemal cells (Menand et al., 2007). These cell types are readily distinguishable because chloronemal cells have transverse cell p ...
... of tip-growing tissues, we examined this more closely. The tipgrowing protonemata are subdivided into two cell types: slowgrowing chloronemal cells and faster growing caulonemal cells (Menand et al., 2007). These cell types are readily distinguishable because chloronemal cells have transverse cell p ...
Control of Cell Pattern in the Neural Tube: Motor Neuron Induction
... shown) cells and did not express detectable levels of ChAT mRNA when grown alone for up to 72 hr in vitro (Figure 2B). Although motor neuron markers were not detected, labeling with the general neuronal marker 3AlO (Figure 2C) indicated that many neurons differentiated over the 48 hr period that int ...
... shown) cells and did not express detectable levels of ChAT mRNA when grown alone for up to 72 hr in vitro (Figure 2B). Although motor neuron markers were not detected, labeling with the general neuronal marker 3AlO (Figure 2C) indicated that many neurons differentiated over the 48 hr period that int ...
An Overview of the Biological Effects of Focused Ultrasound Abstract
... cell membrane permeability [8], which also locally increases drug bioavailability. Clinically, combining focused ultrasound with drug delivery vehicles presents an attractive method for chemotherapy delivery. These drugs, which are typically delivered systemically, are very toxic to healthy cells. B ...
... cell membrane permeability [8], which also locally increases drug bioavailability. Clinically, combining focused ultrasound with drug delivery vehicles presents an attractive method for chemotherapy delivery. These drugs, which are typically delivered systemically, are very toxic to healthy cells. B ...
Positional Information and the Spatial Pattern of Cellular
... The single attempt to develop a more specific model and one which attempts to get over the limitations just mentioned is that of Rose (1952), but we have found this model unsatisfactory (Webster, 1964). He suggested that there is a gradient in rate of differentiation and a hierarchy of selflimiting ...
... The single attempt to develop a more specific model and one which attempts to get over the limitations just mentioned is that of Rose (1952), but we have found this model unsatisfactory (Webster, 1964). He suggested that there is a gradient in rate of differentiation and a hierarchy of selflimiting ...
Guard cell photosynthesis and stomatal function
... formed from two specialized cells in the epidermis (guard cells) which are morphologically distinct from general epidermal cells and are responsible for controlling stomatal aperture (Franks & Farqhuar, 2007). Paired guard cells, in some species together with epidermal subsidiary cells, form the sto ...
... formed from two specialized cells in the epidermis (guard cells) which are morphologically distinct from general epidermal cells and are responsible for controlling stomatal aperture (Franks & Farqhuar, 2007). Paired guard cells, in some species together with epidermal subsidiary cells, form the sto ...
Formation of Persisting Cell Wall Deficient Forms of Mycobacterium
... of changes in morphology of BCG bacilli, loss of bacterial cell walls and conversion to L-forms during phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages in guinea pigs. Although peritoneal macrophages are not typical niche for mycobacteria, we attempted to inhibit the classical bacterial forms and to induce oc ...
... of changes in morphology of BCG bacilli, loss of bacterial cell walls and conversion to L-forms during phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages in guinea pigs. Although peritoneal macrophages are not typical niche for mycobacteria, we attempted to inhibit the classical bacterial forms and to induce oc ...
Isolation and biological activity of extracellular slime associated with
... and harvested during late logarithmic growth phase. ...
... and harvested during late logarithmic growth phase. ...
Transmitter Release
... is characteristic of chemical synaptic transmission-the time from the onset of the action potential in the presynaptic terminals to the onset of the postsynaptic potential-is due in large part to the time required for Ca2+ channels to open in response to depolarization. However, becausethe voltage-d ...
... is characteristic of chemical synaptic transmission-the time from the onset of the action potential in the presynaptic terminals to the onset of the postsynaptic potential-is due in large part to the time required for Ca2+ channels to open in response to depolarization. However, becausethe voltage-d ...
Can Carbon Nanotubes Deliver on Their
... to offer such electronic control at such small length scales and with such control over directionality: metallic nanowires are at least an order of magnitude wider than the smallest CNT bundles used as electrodes, and do not display such anisotropy, nor proportional strength and rigidity. Electrical ...
... to offer such electronic control at such small length scales and with such control over directionality: metallic nanowires are at least an order of magnitude wider than the smallest CNT bundles used as electrodes, and do not display such anisotropy, nor proportional strength and rigidity. Electrical ...
Ixodes scapularis the Saliva of the Lyme Disease Vector Tick
... mouse T cells by using Con A (16, 23–28), PHA (24), and antiCD3 (20). This effect has also been demonstrated on bovine lymphocytes with Con A stimulation (29, 30). This putative immunomodulatory phenomenon is particularly intriguing because of the central role played by T cells in the orchestration ...
... mouse T cells by using Con A (16, 23–28), PHA (24), and antiCD3 (20). This effect has also been demonstrated on bovine lymphocytes with Con A stimulation (29, 30). This putative immunomodulatory phenomenon is particularly intriguing because of the central role played by T cells in the orchestration ...
Severe asthma and the omalizumab option
... possibility of anaphylaxis. When used in selected cases and carefully, omalizumab provides a very important tool in disease management. It has been shown to have additional effects in urticaria, angioedema, latex allergy and food allergy, but the data is limited and the indications far from clear. I ...
... possibility of anaphylaxis. When used in selected cases and carefully, omalizumab provides a very important tool in disease management. It has been shown to have additional effects in urticaria, angioedema, latex allergy and food allergy, but the data is limited and the indications far from clear. I ...
Vibrio cholerae 01 Can Assume a Chlorine
... been accepted (although without overwhelming data) that rough strains have decreased virulence [14, 15], and there has been a tendency to assume that virulence was confined to smooth V. cholerae variants. In prior studies at the Center for Vaccine Development, great care has always been taken to sel ...
... been accepted (although without overwhelming data) that rough strains have decreased virulence [14, 15], and there has been a tendency to assume that virulence was confined to smooth V. cholerae variants. In prior studies at the Center for Vaccine Development, great care has always been taken to sel ...
A role for actin in regulating apoptosis/programmed cell death
... The fact that cells are selectively executed during normal development has been recognized and revisited a number of times over the last century [1]. However, it was not until the recent discovery of regulators of the most studied form of PCD, apoptosis (reviewed in [2]), that this became a ‘red hot ...
... The fact that cells are selectively executed during normal development has been recognized and revisited a number of times over the last century [1]. However, it was not until the recent discovery of regulators of the most studied form of PCD, apoptosis (reviewed in [2]), that this became a ‘red hot ...
Current Status and Future Prospectives of C1 Domain Ligands as
... ligands have been characterized are mainly based on the proposed role of PKC in the pathophysiology of cancer and AD. In cancer, the differential effects of PKC isoforms on cell proliferation and apoptosis form the basis for targeting PKC. In the central nervous system, PKC regulates processes linke ...
... ligands have been characterized are mainly based on the proposed role of PKC in the pathophysiology of cancer and AD. In cancer, the differential effects of PKC isoforms on cell proliferation and apoptosis form the basis for targeting PKC. In the central nervous system, PKC regulates processes linke ...
Human Dendritic Cell Subsets In Vivo Colony
... In humans, cytokines such as GM-CSF and FL play crucial roles in the expansion and maturation of DCs in vitro. Therefore, investigating the effects of such cytokines on DC function in vivo is of paramount importance, especially from a clinical perspective. In particular, it is essential to determine ...
... In humans, cytokines such as GM-CSF and FL play crucial roles in the expansion and maturation of DCs in vitro. Therefore, investigating the effects of such cytokines on DC function in vivo is of paramount importance, especially from a clinical perspective. In particular, it is essential to determine ...
The Developmental Capacity of Nuclei taken from Intestinal
... this abnormality is provided by the cytological examination of eggs fixed during metaphase of the first division of the transplanted nucleus. Only 11 eggs with intestine nuclei were found to have been fixed at exactly this time, and in 3 of these the chromosomes were clumped and pycnotic. In some ca ...
... this abnormality is provided by the cytological examination of eggs fixed during metaphase of the first division of the transplanted nucleus. Only 11 eggs with intestine nuclei were found to have been fixed at exactly this time, and in 3 of these the chromosomes were clumped and pycnotic. In some ca ...
Relative Potencies of Individual Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Induce Dioxinlike
... for the dioxinlike and estrogenic responses observed. Both novel and/or known aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and estrogen receptor (ER) agonists that eluted in the midpolar fraction could have contributed to the responses. Mass-, or potency-, balance analysis is one approach for addressing whether ...
... for the dioxinlike and estrogenic responses observed. Both novel and/or known aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and estrogen receptor (ER) agonists that eluted in the midpolar fraction could have contributed to the responses. Mass-, or potency-, balance analysis is one approach for addressing whether ...
THE ROLE OF 5-ALPHA REDUCTASE 3 IN STEROID METABOLISM
... cancer in the control arm. This was lower than the risk previously observed in the finasteride prevention study (2, 9). Both clinical trials failed to show a mortality difference between the intervention and the placebo arms. Currently, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors are indicated for the treatment of ...
... cancer in the control arm. This was lower than the risk previously observed in the finasteride prevention study (2, 9). Both clinical trials failed to show a mortality difference between the intervention and the placebo arms. Currently, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors are indicated for the treatment of ...
Molecular mapping of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in focal
... spatial overlap between dSH2 and each of the two proteins, though dSH2 intensity was not always correlated with high vinculin or paxillin fluorescence (Fig. 1A). FRET, expressed as the ‘FRET index’ (FI) (see Materials and Methods) for paxillin and dSH2 was usually very high, reaching average FI valu ...
... spatial overlap between dSH2 and each of the two proteins, though dSH2 intensity was not always correlated with high vinculin or paxillin fluorescence (Fig. 1A). FRET, expressed as the ‘FRET index’ (FI) (see Materials and Methods) for paxillin and dSH2 was usually very high, reaching average FI valu ...
Functional Regulation of MyD88-Activated Interferon Regulatory
... Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF-5) plays an important role in the innate antiviral and inflammatory response. Specific IRF-5 haplotypes are associated with dysregulated expression of type I interferons and predisposition to autoimmune disorders. IRF-5 is activated by Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) ...
... Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF-5) plays an important role in the innate antiviral and inflammatory response. Specific IRF-5 haplotypes are associated with dysregulated expression of type I interferons and predisposition to autoimmune disorders. IRF-5 is activated by Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) ...
Study of reactive oxygen species-induced ion transport in different models by using
... (GSH), tocopherol, flavonoids, alkaloids and carotenoids (Apell & Hirt, 2004). ...
... (GSH), tocopherol, flavonoids, alkaloids and carotenoids (Apell & Hirt, 2004). ...
7 - Dynamic Microtubules and the Texture of Plant Cell Walls
... described as helicoidal. Crab shells, which are similarly based on chitin, are also said to have such a rotating arrangement of layers (Neville et al., 1976). Human bone, which is based on the fibrous protein, type 1 collagen, and a crystalline form of a calcium salt, has also been interpreted as ha ...
... described as helicoidal. Crab shells, which are similarly based on chitin, are also said to have such a rotating arrangement of layers (Neville et al., 1976). Human bone, which is based on the fibrous protein, type 1 collagen, and a crystalline form of a calcium salt, has also been interpreted as ha ...
Cell encapsulation
Cell microencapsulation technology involves immobilization of the cells within a polymeric semi-permeable membrane that permits the bidirectional diffusion of molecules such as the influx of oxygen, nutrients, growth factors etc. essential for cell metabolism and the outward diffusion of waste products and therapeutic proteins. At the same time, the semi-permeable nature of the membrane prevents immune cells and antibodies from destroying the encapsulated cells regarding them as foreign invaders.The main motive of cell encapsulation technology is to overcome the existing problem of graft rejection in tissue engineering applications and thus reduce the need for long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant to control side effects.