The origins of multicellular organisms
... alignment‐of‐fitness phase in which genetic similarity among cells prevents cell–cell conflict and an export‐of‐fitness phase in which cells become interdependent and collaborate in a sustained effort (reviewed by Folse and Roughgarden 2012). The first phase can be achieved by any “unicellular bottlenec ...
... alignment‐of‐fitness phase in which genetic similarity among cells prevents cell–cell conflict and an export‐of‐fitness phase in which cells become interdependent and collaborate in a sustained effort (reviewed by Folse and Roughgarden 2012). The first phase can be achieved by any “unicellular bottlenec ...
Partitioning of nutrient transport processes in roots
... within membranes: K+ uptake as a paradigm Roots are able to absorb nutrients over a wide range of external ion concentrations and, provided the rate of delivery to the root surface is high enough, plants can grow at maximal rates in the presence of very low external nutrient concentrations. This is ...
... within membranes: K+ uptake as a paradigm Roots are able to absorb nutrients over a wide range of external ion concentrations and, provided the rate of delivery to the root surface is high enough, plants can grow at maximal rates in the presence of very low external nutrient concentrations. This is ...
The Nhal antiporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mediates sodium
... of enal-4 mutants (Haro et al., 1991) and in a biochemical study of Enalp phosphorylation (Benito et af., ...
... of enal-4 mutants (Haro et al., 1991) and in a biochemical study of Enalp phosphorylation (Benito et af., ...
Frost Resistance in Algae Cells
... ball. About 50 per cent of frozen cells in 1 M sucrose solution were killed at -5°C. All the frozen cells were entirely destroyed at temperatures below -5°C. The figure of frozen cells in 1 M sucrose solution observed by cold fixation at -5°C indicated that frozen cells with contracted protoplast we ...
... ball. About 50 per cent of frozen cells in 1 M sucrose solution were killed at -5°C. All the frozen cells were entirely destroyed at temperatures below -5°C. The figure of frozen cells in 1 M sucrose solution observed by cold fixation at -5°C indicated that frozen cells with contracted protoplast we ...
Microtubule-active drugs: mechanism of action and resistance
... 2. Microtubule-active drugs: mechanism of action Reports of colchicine, the first microtubule-active drug to be discovered, acting as a potent mitotic disruptor caused a small revolution in the field of cytogenetics. Gradually, more and more substances with various effects on mitotic spindles have ...
... 2. Microtubule-active drugs: mechanism of action Reports of colchicine, the first microtubule-active drug to be discovered, acting as a potent mitotic disruptor caused a small revolution in the field of cytogenetics. Gradually, more and more substances with various effects on mitotic spindles have ...
Expression of the Activating Transcription Factor 3 Prevents c
... analysis, the hypoglossal nuclei of 10 operated rats were dissected from the operated and normal sides and frozen in liquid nitrogen. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The following cDNA fragments were isolated by RT-PCR used as probes: ATF3, 162–708 of M63282; ATF2, 1025–1725 of NM-03 ...
... analysis, the hypoglossal nuclei of 10 operated rats were dissected from the operated and normal sides and frozen in liquid nitrogen. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The following cDNA fragments were isolated by RT-PCR used as probes: ATF3, 162–708 of M63282; ATF2, 1025–1725 of NM-03 ...
Chapter 14
... Carrier proteins bind molecules on one side of the membrane, then undergo conformational changes that allow the molecule to pass through and be released on the other side. ...
... Carrier proteins bind molecules on one side of the membrane, then undergo conformational changes that allow the molecule to pass through and be released on the other side. ...
Architectural remodeling of the tonoplast during fluid
... or resting stage, red beet hypocotyl storage cells contained predominantly one large central vacuole (Fig. 2A and B). However, after tissue incubation in 200 mM sucrose for 24 h, a series of vacuole-derived organelles become evident (Fig. 2C and D), a condition scarcely observed when betaine was use ...
... or resting stage, red beet hypocotyl storage cells contained predominantly one large central vacuole (Fig. 2A and B). However, after tissue incubation in 200 mM sucrose for 24 h, a series of vacuole-derived organelles become evident (Fig. 2C and D), a condition scarcely observed when betaine was use ...
Amphibian aquaporins and adaptation to terrestrial environments: A
... In many anurans, the pelvic patch of the ventral skin and the urinary bladder are important osmoregulatory organs. Since the discovery of water channel protein, aquaporin (AQP), in mammalian erythrocytes, 17 distinct full sequences of AQP mRNAs have been identified in anurans. Phylogenetic tree of A ...
... In many anurans, the pelvic patch of the ventral skin and the urinary bladder are important osmoregulatory organs. Since the discovery of water channel protein, aquaporin (AQP), in mammalian erythrocytes, 17 distinct full sequences of AQP mRNAs have been identified in anurans. Phylogenetic tree of A ...
Nerve activates contraction
... 2. Where are the chromosomes located in metaphase? 3. What is happening in anaphase? 4. Describe how the 2 daughter cells compare to the parent cell. 5. Describe how the 2 daughter cells compare to EACH OTHER. 6. What is mitosis? 7. What kind of cells go through mitosis? Give two example ...
... 2. Where are the chromosomes located in metaphase? 3. What is happening in anaphase? 4. Describe how the 2 daughter cells compare to the parent cell. 5. Describe how the 2 daughter cells compare to EACH OTHER. 6. What is mitosis? 7. What kind of cells go through mitosis? Give two example ...
Metformin inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of HER2
... low expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). A previous study [9] confirmed that metformin inhibited the proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells by inhibiting the activation of EGFR pathway and promoting cell apoptosis. Vazquez and colleagues [14] found that metformin could p ...
... low expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). A previous study [9] confirmed that metformin inhibited the proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells by inhibiting the activation of EGFR pathway and promoting cell apoptosis. Vazquez and colleagues [14] found that metformin could p ...
PDF
... being prepared for one-dimensional PAGE consisted of 3% SDS, 60 mM Tris, pH 6.8, 1% sucrose, and 10% 2mercaptoethanol. For two-dimensional PAGE the dissected cells were first placed in 1% SDS, 50 mM Tris, pH 7.4,4 mM EDTA, 2 mM EGTA, and 2% Z-mercaptoethanol. After all of the embryos had been dissec ...
... being prepared for one-dimensional PAGE consisted of 3% SDS, 60 mM Tris, pH 6.8, 1% sucrose, and 10% 2mercaptoethanol. For two-dimensional PAGE the dissected cells were first placed in 1% SDS, 50 mM Tris, pH 7.4,4 mM EDTA, 2 mM EGTA, and 2% Z-mercaptoethanol. After all of the embryos had been dissec ...
Plasma Membrane Permeability of Root
... the interface between the layers of 0% and 5% Ficoll was collected after centrifugation at 380 xg and the Ficoll was removed by washing twice with 0.7 M mannitol solution. Protoplasts, in which the cell wall was hardly discernible by staining with fluorescent brightener 28 (Sigma), could be isolated ...
... the interface between the layers of 0% and 5% Ficoll was collected after centrifugation at 380 xg and the Ficoll was removed by washing twice with 0.7 M mannitol solution. Protoplasts, in which the cell wall was hardly discernible by staining with fluorescent brightener 28 (Sigma), could be isolated ...
Isolation and Characterization of Cell Wall
... The polypeptide patterns of cell envelopes, gradient-purified cell walls (CW I), and Tritoninsoluble cell walls (CW 11) of Synechococcus sp. PCC 6307 were dominated by two outer membrane proteins of M , 52000 and 54000 (Fig. 2, lanes B, C and D, respectively). A few other proteins were present in on ...
... The polypeptide patterns of cell envelopes, gradient-purified cell walls (CW I), and Tritoninsoluble cell walls (CW 11) of Synechococcus sp. PCC 6307 were dominated by two outer membrane proteins of M , 52000 and 54000 (Fig. 2, lanes B, C and D, respectively). A few other proteins were present in on ...
A Comprehensive Gene Expression Analysis Toward the
... events (Bednarek and Falbel 2002), genes that we know to be involved will go far beyond those involved in this process. Therefore, an alternative approach, such as mass analysis of gene expression, is necessary to find such genes. One of the mass analyses for characterizing such genes was undertaken ...
... events (Bednarek and Falbel 2002), genes that we know to be involved will go far beyond those involved in this process. Therefore, an alternative approach, such as mass analysis of gene expression, is necessary to find such genes. One of the mass analyses for characterizing such genes was undertaken ...
Splenic Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Inflammatory Pseudotumor
... differences in the infected cell types.1 Among EBVassociated splenic and hepatic IPTs it is the spindle cell component that is infected, whereas the virus preferentially affects the lymphocytes of EBV-associated nodal cases. The percentage of splenic and hepatic IPTs that are EBV positive is not wel ...
... differences in the infected cell types.1 Among EBVassociated splenic and hepatic IPTs it is the spindle cell component that is infected, whereas the virus preferentially affects the lymphocytes of EBV-associated nodal cases. The percentage of splenic and hepatic IPTs that are EBV positive is not wel ...
Links between apoptosis, proliferation and the cell cycle (PDF
... Many physiological processes, including proper tissue development and homeostasis, require a balance between apoptosis and cell proliferation. All somatic cells proliferate via a mitotic process determined by progression through the cell cycle. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) occurs in a wide vari ...
... Many physiological processes, including proper tissue development and homeostasis, require a balance between apoptosis and cell proliferation. All somatic cells proliferate via a mitotic process determined by progression through the cell cycle. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) occurs in a wide vari ...
The histidine triad protein Hint1 interacts with Pontin and Reptin and
... second branch of HIT proteins and was shown to be inactive in numerous carcinomas (Huebner and Croce, 2003). All members analyzed so far show adenosylpolyphosphatehydrolase activity with different specificities for substrates such as AMP-X, ADP, ATP, Ap3A and Ap4A (for a review, see Brenner, 2002). ...
... second branch of HIT proteins and was shown to be inactive in numerous carcinomas (Huebner and Croce, 2003). All members analyzed so far show adenosylpolyphosphatehydrolase activity with different specificities for substrates such as AMP-X, ADP, ATP, Ap3A and Ap4A (for a review, see Brenner, 2002). ...
Arabidopsis CSLD5 Functions in Cell Plate
... functional and could quantitatively rescue csld2 (Supplemental Figures 3A and 3B), csld3 (Park et al., 2011), and csld5 mutant phenotypes, respectively (Supplemental Figures 3C and 3D). Both leaf epidermal cells and root cortical cells of 5-d-old seedlings expressing these fusion proteins were exami ...
... functional and could quantitatively rescue csld2 (Supplemental Figures 3A and 3B), csld3 (Park et al., 2011), and csld5 mutant phenotypes, respectively (Supplemental Figures 3C and 3D). Both leaf epidermal cells and root cortical cells of 5-d-old seedlings expressing these fusion proteins were exami ...
Plant ER geometry and dynamics: A complex web of cytoskeletal
... the ER tubules from static nodes. The Steiner network analysis also allows for polygon formation. Moreover by adding constraints on the allowable size of angles between tubules forming and extending from a node, the unique minimal network between observed ER nodes shows a similar network structure t ...
... the ER tubules from static nodes. The Steiner network analysis also allows for polygon formation. Moreover by adding constraints on the allowable size of angles between tubules forming and extending from a node, the unique minimal network between observed ER nodes shows a similar network structure t ...
Article - Research | www.stowers.org
... matic reduction of the apical cell surface area (Figures 1A–1C) also apparent at the level of the basal SJs, as seen by labeling with an antibody against Discs-large (Dlg) (not shown). Whereas the MF is characterized by an acute decrease in the apical cell surface of over 10 cell diameters, the who ...
... matic reduction of the apical cell surface area (Figures 1A–1C) also apparent at the level of the basal SJs, as seen by labeling with an antibody against Discs-large (Dlg) (not shown). Whereas the MF is characterized by an acute decrease in the apical cell surface of over 10 cell diameters, the who ...
Diffusion and Osmosis Investigations
... embedded proteins; the phospholipid fatty acids limit the movement of water because of their hydrophobic characteristics. The cellular environment is aqueous, meaning that the solvent in which the solutes, such as salts and organic molecules, dissolve is water. Water may pass slowly through the memb ...
... embedded proteins; the phospholipid fatty acids limit the movement of water because of their hydrophobic characteristics. The cellular environment is aqueous, meaning that the solvent in which the solutes, such as salts and organic molecules, dissolve is water. Water may pass slowly through the memb ...
Sensitizing B Cells for TLR2 Ligands Cell
... potent stimulus for B cell activation is unmethylated CpG DNA acting through the engagement of TLR9 (40 – 43). Similarly, human B cells have been demonstrated to respond to stimulation via TLR7 in the presence of type I IFN (40) and to be activated by TLR2 ligands (44 – 46). Furthermore, recent publ ...
... potent stimulus for B cell activation is unmethylated CpG DNA acting through the engagement of TLR9 (40 – 43). Similarly, human B cells have been demonstrated to respond to stimulation via TLR7 in the presence of type I IFN (40) and to be activated by TLR2 ligands (44 – 46). Furthermore, recent publ ...
Retinoid therapy of high-risk neuroblastoma
... could produce prolonged arrest of neuroblastoma cell proliferation in vitro [4], and it was predicted that levels obtainable in patients would be between 5 and 10 mM if therapy was given in 2 week courses alternating with 2 weeks for mucocutaneous recovery. Therefore, model studies were conducted wi ...
... could produce prolonged arrest of neuroblastoma cell proliferation in vitro [4], and it was predicted that levels obtainable in patients would be between 5 and 10 mM if therapy was given in 2 week courses alternating with 2 weeks for mucocutaneous recovery. Therefore, model studies were conducted wi ...
Cell encapsulation
Cell microencapsulation technology involves immobilization of the cells within a polymeric semi-permeable membrane that permits the bidirectional diffusion of molecules such as the influx of oxygen, nutrients, growth factors etc. essential for cell metabolism and the outward diffusion of waste products and therapeutic proteins. At the same time, the semi-permeable nature of the membrane prevents immune cells and antibodies from destroying the encapsulated cells regarding them as foreign invaders.The main motive of cell encapsulation technology is to overcome the existing problem of graft rejection in tissue engineering applications and thus reduce the need for long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant to control side effects.