SPIRAL1 Encodes a Plant-Specific Microtubule
... SPR1 Protein Is Colocalized with Cortical MTs Because SPR1 protein sequence analysis did not provide information on likely functions, we sought to determine where the SPR1 protein is localized in Arabidopsis cells. To this end, we created transgenic plants that expressed a SPR1:GFP fusion protein un ...
... SPR1 Protein Is Colocalized with Cortical MTs Because SPR1 protein sequence analysis did not provide information on likely functions, we sought to determine where the SPR1 protein is localized in Arabidopsis cells. To this end, we created transgenic plants that expressed a SPR1:GFP fusion protein un ...
REVIEW ARTICLE Mechanisms of pattern formation in development
... mechanisms that use cell behaviors other than signaling (we will refer to these as morphogenetic mechanisms) act on the previously established pattern to cause the formation of threedimensional tissues and organs. As described in detail below, morphogenetic mechanisms change the spatial distribution ...
... mechanisms that use cell behaviors other than signaling (we will refer to these as morphogenetic mechanisms) act on the previously established pattern to cause the formation of threedimensional tissues and organs. As described in detail below, morphogenetic mechanisms change the spatial distribution ...
Cell Membranes & Movement Across Them
... outside the cell 2. concentration of enzymes on either side of the cell membrane 3. rate of molecular motion on either side of the cell membrane 4. rate of movement of insoluble molecules inside the cell Regents Biology ...
... outside the cell 2. concentration of enzymes on either side of the cell membrane 3. rate of molecular motion on either side of the cell membrane 4. rate of movement of insoluble molecules inside the cell Regents Biology ...
Visualizing_the_mechanical_activation_of_Src
... Phosphorylation of Tyr still occurs if just one Tyr is mutated but binding doesn’t Neighboring amino acids are important for SH2 binding ...
... Phosphorylation of Tyr still occurs if just one Tyr is mutated but binding doesn’t Neighboring amino acids are important for SH2 binding ...
BET bromodomain inhibition suppresses TH17
... BET bromodomains control human TH17 differentiation Because BET bromodomain inhibition results in the suppression of a subset of NF-B–dependent genes in murine macrophages (Nicodeme et al., 2010), we hypothesized that BET proteins may also play fundamental roles in other NF-B–mediated processes, s ...
... BET bromodomains control human TH17 differentiation Because BET bromodomain inhibition results in the suppression of a subset of NF-B–dependent genes in murine macrophages (Nicodeme et al., 2010), we hypothesized that BET proteins may also play fundamental roles in other NF-B–mediated processes, s ...
Organs of the Immune System
... A number of morphologically and functionally diverse organs and tissues have various functions in the development of immune responses. These can be distinguished by function as the primary and secondary lymphoid organs. The thymus and bone marrow are the primary (or central) lymphoid organs, where m ...
... A number of morphologically and functionally diverse organs and tissues have various functions in the development of immune responses. These can be distinguished by function as the primary and secondary lymphoid organs. The thymus and bone marrow are the primary (or central) lymphoid organs, where m ...
Berberine Use in Stimulating Apoptosis
... Treatment of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells) with berberine induced inhibition of cell viability in concentration- and time-dependent manner irrespective of their estrogen receptor (ER) expression. This study revealed that Berberine was responsible for down-regulation of antia ...
... Treatment of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells) with berberine induced inhibition of cell viability in concentration- and time-dependent manner irrespective of their estrogen receptor (ER) expression. This study revealed that Berberine was responsible for down-regulation of antia ...
Inductive asymmetric cell division
... and low in the posterior sister E,20,21 while WRM-1 is low in MS cortex of the dividing EMS blastomere. APR-1, a worm homolog and high in E.22 wrm-1 and pop-1 mutants also exhibit opposite of APC (adenomatous polyposis coli protein), is also recruited to endoderm induction phenotypes; in wrm-1 mutan ...
... and low in the posterior sister E,20,21 while WRM-1 is low in MS cortex of the dividing EMS blastomere. APR-1, a worm homolog and high in E.22 wrm-1 and pop-1 mutants also exhibit opposite of APC (adenomatous polyposis coli protein), is also recruited to endoderm induction phenotypes; in wrm-1 mutan ...
![An FGF4-FRS2[alpha]-Cdx2 Axis in Trophoblast Stem Cells Induces](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/004612399_1-b568e9f7ef7ac5f7304ea5d975b0dd52-300x300.png)
An FGF4-FRS2[alpha]-Cdx2 Axis in Trophoblast Stem Cells Induces
... member of the caudal-related homeobox transcription factors [29]. Cdx2 has been reported to be specifically expressed in the TE at the blastocyst stage and its expression is maintained within the proliferating ExE [30]. Homozygous Cdx2 mutants fail to form trophoblast giant cells or produce TS cell l ...
... member of the caudal-related homeobox transcription factors [29]. Cdx2 has been reported to be specifically expressed in the TE at the blastocyst stage and its expression is maintained within the proliferating ExE [30]. Homozygous Cdx2 mutants fail to form trophoblast giant cells or produce TS cell l ...
Phospholipids: Membrane Components Steroids: Four Fused Rings
... bonds between R groups all contribute to the tertiary structure of a polypeptide. Strong disulfide linkages in particular help maintain the tertiary shape. Hydrophobic R groups do not bond with other R groups, and they tend to collect in a common region where they are not exposed to water and can in ...
... bonds between R groups all contribute to the tertiary structure of a polypeptide. Strong disulfide linkages in particular help maintain the tertiary shape. Hydrophobic R groups do not bond with other R groups, and they tend to collect in a common region where they are not exposed to water and can in ...
The relative efficiency of homology
... filament formation (43). Accordingly, transient expression of Rad51-K133A was shown to cause a more severe disruption of HDR in mES cells, as compared to Rad51-K133R (22). We generated clonal cell lines with stable integration of inducible expression cassettes for RAD51-K133R (g4Rad51KR) and RAD51-K1 ...
... filament formation (43). Accordingly, transient expression of Rad51-K133A was shown to cause a more severe disruption of HDR in mES cells, as compared to Rad51-K133R (22). We generated clonal cell lines with stable integration of inducible expression cassettes for RAD51-K133R (g4Rad51KR) and RAD51-K1 ...
how death shapes life during development
... Animals begin life as a single cell that progresses to a fully formed individual. Although it is obvious that cells need to divide and take on specific fates to form a complex animal, it is counterintuitive that millions of cells die during development and life. Why waste all these cells? The destru ...
... Animals begin life as a single cell that progresses to a fully formed individual. Although it is obvious that cells need to divide and take on specific fates to form a complex animal, it is counterintuitive that millions of cells die during development and life. Why waste all these cells? The destru ...
Extracellular Electrical Fields Direct Wound Healing and Regeneration
... further examples in which EFs exist during embryonic development, the conductive pathways are made naturally and are not due to injury. Polarized ion transport, which leads to net movement of charge, creates electrical potential differences, a battery, across high-resistance structures such as the a ...
... further examples in which EFs exist during embryonic development, the conductive pathways are made naturally and are not due to injury. Polarized ion transport, which leads to net movement of charge, creates electrical potential differences, a battery, across high-resistance structures such as the a ...
A Microbial Avenue to Cell Cycle Control in the Plant
... of its execution. We therefore named these div mutants (“division-defective”). div mutants generally displayed cell growth rates similar to wild type (Figure 2C). In contrast, mutants that retained cell integrity were generally slower growing than the div mutants (with one clear exception; see below ...
... of its execution. We therefore named these div mutants (“division-defective”). div mutants generally displayed cell growth rates similar to wild type (Figure 2C). In contrast, mutants that retained cell integrity were generally slower growing than the div mutants (with one clear exception; see below ...
Tracheary Element Differentiation
... analysis of genes identified in both Zinnia and trees. Extensive gene expression studies of xylem development in Arabidopsis have already been described (62). In the stem, primary vascular tissue development represents a developmental series that has been exploited to identify genes that may be invol ...
... analysis of genes identified in both Zinnia and trees. Extensive gene expression studies of xylem development in Arabidopsis have already been described (62). In the stem, primary vascular tissue development represents a developmental series that has been exploited to identify genes that may be invol ...
Changes of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in plant
... Chromatin (the complex of DNA, proteins, and RNA) represents the substrate for most processes in the cell nucleus which involve replication, transcription, as well the maintenance of genome stability and integrity. Moreover, chromatin must retain the ability to make genetic information accessible wh ...
... Chromatin (the complex of DNA, proteins, and RNA) represents the substrate for most processes in the cell nucleus which involve replication, transcription, as well the maintenance of genome stability and integrity. Moreover, chromatin must retain the ability to make genetic information accessible wh ...
Identification of seven new cut genes involved in
... gene partly resembles that of the budding yeast ESP1 gene (Baum et al., 1988). The cut7+ gene was isolated by transformation and its predicted product has an amino acid sequence similar to that of the microtubule-dependent motor, kinesin (Hagan and Yanagida, 1990). cut7 mutants are defective in spin ...
... gene partly resembles that of the budding yeast ESP1 gene (Baum et al., 1988). The cut7+ gene was isolated by transformation and its predicted product has an amino acid sequence similar to that of the microtubule-dependent motor, kinesin (Hagan and Yanagida, 1990). cut7 mutants are defective in spin ...
Shp1 regulates T cell homeostasis by limiting IL
... and CCR7. Together, these findings suggest that the CD4+ memory phenotype compartment contained a mixture of effector and memory phenotype cells. In contrast, the CD8+ CD44hi populations contained a high proportion of CD62Lhi CD127hi CCR7hi cells, suggesting a prominent central memory phenotype. Th ...
... and CCR7. Together, these findings suggest that the CD4+ memory phenotype compartment contained a mixture of effector and memory phenotype cells. In contrast, the CD8+ CD44hi populations contained a high proportion of CD62Lhi CD127hi CCR7hi cells, suggesting a prominent central memory phenotype. Th ...
Cell Cycle Phase Specificity and Biochemical
... observation. Between 30 and 50 cells with good chromosome spreads were studied, The percentage abnormal cells indicates the number of cells withorEllipticine clu mpinf. of chromosomes or with chromatid breaks exchanges.,/r (¿ig/ml) cells0 ...
... observation. Between 30 and 50 cells with good chromosome spreads were studied, The percentage abnormal cells indicates the number of cells withorEllipticine clu mpinf. of chromosomes or with chromatid breaks exchanges.,/r (¿ig/ml) cells0 ...
A Study of the Effect of Different Growth Medium Concentrations on
... Chondrocyte Cultures. Using RT-PCR, cDNA was created from mRNA purified from chondrocyte cultures, amplified, and run on an agarose gel. The first lane indicates a DNA ladder, the next two lanes contains Collagen I cDNA from the 6 mL and 9mL samples, respectively. Both samples contain bright bands c ...
... Chondrocyte Cultures. Using RT-PCR, cDNA was created from mRNA purified from chondrocyte cultures, amplified, and run on an agarose gel. The first lane indicates a DNA ladder, the next two lanes contains Collagen I cDNA from the 6 mL and 9mL samples, respectively. Both samples contain bright bands c ...
Introduction to histopathology
... following way: www.open.edu/openlearn/about-openlearn/frequently-askedquestions-on-openlearn. Copyright and rights falling outside the terms of the Creative Commons Licence are retained or controlled by The Open University. Please read the full text before using any of the content. We believe the pr ...
... following way: www.open.edu/openlearn/about-openlearn/frequently-askedquestions-on-openlearn. Copyright and rights falling outside the terms of the Creative Commons Licence are retained or controlled by The Open University. Please read the full text before using any of the content. We believe the pr ...
Another Step Closer to Understanding Plant Cell Wall Biosynthesis
... (BGT, PDB code 1BGT), with two similar Rossmann domains: the N-domain (blue) and the Cdomain (green). (Adapted from Rocha et al., 2016, Supplemental Figure 1.) most similar structures, despite FUT1 sharing less than 20% sequence identity with the corresponding proteins. Importantly, the conserved re ...
... (BGT, PDB code 1BGT), with two similar Rossmann domains: the N-domain (blue) and the Cdomain (green). (Adapted from Rocha et al., 2016, Supplemental Figure 1.) most similar structures, despite FUT1 sharing less than 20% sequence identity with the corresponding proteins. Importantly, the conserved re ...
Membrane Remodeling and Organization: Elements Common to
... eukaryotes, flotillins are involved in plasma membrane organization, cytoskeletal rearrangements, signal transduction, endocytosis and chromosome segregation during mitosis (information reviewed in refs. 27,28). Flotillins are elements conserved among vertebrates and invertebrates, and they are ubiq ...
... eukaryotes, flotillins are involved in plasma membrane organization, cytoskeletal rearrangements, signal transduction, endocytosis and chromosome segregation during mitosis (information reviewed in refs. 27,28). Flotillins are elements conserved among vertebrates and invertebrates, and they are ubiq ...
Dietary Supplements May Increase Longevity by Up
... low-energy sensing AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK/aak-2 and the Forkhead transcription factor FoxO/daf-16 are necessary for longevity induced by calorie restriction[6]. Resveratrol extends lifespan in an AMPK-dependent, but FoxO-independent manner. Activation of AMPK is not always coupled to that ...
... low-energy sensing AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK/aak-2 and the Forkhead transcription factor FoxO/daf-16 are necessary for longevity induced by calorie restriction[6]. Resveratrol extends lifespan in an AMPK-dependent, but FoxO-independent manner. Activation of AMPK is not always coupled to that ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.