Chemical and Electrical Synapses The Two Kinds of Synapses
... chemical signal into an electrical one ...
... chemical signal into an electrical one ...
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH IN PLANT DISEASE
... The interaction of pathogens with plants leads to a disruption in cellular homeostasis, often leading to cell death, in both compatible and incompatible relationships. The mechanistic basis of this cellular disruption and consequent death is complex and poorly characterized, but it is established th ...
... The interaction of pathogens with plants leads to a disruption in cellular homeostasis, often leading to cell death, in both compatible and incompatible relationships. The mechanistic basis of this cellular disruption and consequent death is complex and poorly characterized, but it is established th ...
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis co
... An extensive array of deletions in mtDNA of many tissues of humans and other mammals has been observed to occur in an age-related manner. ...
... An extensive array of deletions in mtDNA of many tissues of humans and other mammals has been observed to occur in an age-related manner. ...
reading and questions: kingdom monera
... Unlike most other cells, the hereditary material of bacteria is not confined in a nucleus. (A nucleus is a membrane-enclosed structure that can be thought of as the "control center" of a typical cell.) In other words, there is no membrane separating the hereditary material from the rest of the cell ...
... Unlike most other cells, the hereditary material of bacteria is not confined in a nucleus. (A nucleus is a membrane-enclosed structure that can be thought of as the "control center" of a typical cell.) In other words, there is no membrane separating the hereditary material from the rest of the cell ...
Tolerance of Immobilized Yeast Cells in Imidazolium
... with lengthening of the n-alkyl chain using Vibrio fischeri and the mammalian cell lines as the assay system in their biological study of imidazolium-based ILs. However, these results are contrary to the effect of the alkyl chain length on the activity and stability of enzymes in imidazolium-based I ...
... with lengthening of the n-alkyl chain using Vibrio fischeri and the mammalian cell lines as the assay system in their biological study of imidazolium-based ILs. However, these results are contrary to the effect of the alkyl chain length on the activity and stability of enzymes in imidazolium-based I ...
Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced programmed cell death in
... sequestration and signaling (Meldolesi and Pozzan, 1998). The high lumenal Ca2+ concentration acts as a pool for releasable Ca2+ during cell signaling (Berridge et al., 2000) and also regulates the functioning of numerous ER lumenal proteins (Brostrom and Brostrom, 1998). The main role of the ER, re ...
... sequestration and signaling (Meldolesi and Pozzan, 1998). The high lumenal Ca2+ concentration acts as a pool for releasable Ca2+ during cell signaling (Berridge et al., 2000) and also regulates the functioning of numerous ER lumenal proteins (Brostrom and Brostrom, 1998). The main role of the ER, re ...
Accurate cell segmentation in microscopy images using membrane
... defined image acquisition protocols (Gordon et al., 2007) or cell types (W€ahlby et al., 2012). As summarized succintly by E. von Meijering: ‘Rather than converging to a robust, unified solution, it thus seems that the field is diverging, and by now almost as many cell segmentation methods have been ...
... defined image acquisition protocols (Gordon et al., 2007) or cell types (W€ahlby et al., 2012). As summarized succintly by E. von Meijering: ‘Rather than converging to a robust, unified solution, it thus seems that the field is diverging, and by now almost as many cell segmentation methods have been ...
Hemocyte marker proteins and regulation of the proPO system in a
... In P. leniusculus the Hpt cells were studied by light and electron microscopy and the cells were subdivided into five morphologically different cell types that might correspond to different developmental stages of SGCs and GCs (Chaga et al., 1995; Johansson et al., 2000). The connection between the ...
... In P. leniusculus the Hpt cells were studied by light and electron microscopy and the cells were subdivided into five morphologically different cell types that might correspond to different developmental stages of SGCs and GCs (Chaga et al., 1995; Johansson et al., 2000). The connection between the ...
Negative regulation of the interferon response by
... transcribed into long non-coding transcripts (1,2). These transcripts, the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), constitute a novel layer of regulatory factors with important roles in almost every aspect of cellular function (3–9). The expression of many lncRNAs is tightly regulated by various cellular si ...
... transcribed into long non-coding transcripts (1,2). These transcripts, the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), constitute a novel layer of regulatory factors with important roles in almost every aspect of cellular function (3–9). The expression of many lncRNAs is tightly regulated by various cellular si ...
between TLRs and FcRs Polyfunctional Th Cells by Cross
... cytokines, as well as altered lipid metabolite profiles. This altered inflammatory profile redirects Th1 polarization toward Th17 cell responses. Interestingly, GM-CSF–producing Th cells were synergistically evoked as well, which suggests the onset of polyfunctional Th17 cells. Synergistic cytokine ...
... cytokines, as well as altered lipid metabolite profiles. This altered inflammatory profile redirects Th1 polarization toward Th17 cell responses. Interestingly, GM-CSF–producing Th cells were synergistically evoked as well, which suggests the onset of polyfunctional Th17 cells. Synergistic cytokine ...
The Arabidopsis SPIKE1 Gene Is Required for Normal Cell Shape
... The signal transduction cascades that control localized growth and cell shape, however, are not known. To better understand the relationship between cytoskeletal organization, organelle positioning, and regulated vesicle transport, we conducted a forward genetic screen to identify genes that regulat ...
... The signal transduction cascades that control localized growth and cell shape, however, are not known. To better understand the relationship between cytoskeletal organization, organelle positioning, and regulated vesicle transport, we conducted a forward genetic screen to identify genes that regulat ...
Physcomitrella Cyclin-Dependent Kinase A Links
... The results from flow cytometry and microphotometry consistently imply that gametophore blade cells are arrested in G2. However, unexpectedly, in cells induced to reprogram, but before cytokinesis, we found that 5-ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine (EdU) was incorporated in leaf cell nuclei (Figures 1H to 1L). ...
... The results from flow cytometry and microphotometry consistently imply that gametophore blade cells are arrested in G2. However, unexpectedly, in cells induced to reprogram, but before cytokinesis, we found that 5-ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine (EdU) was incorporated in leaf cell nuclei (Figures 1H to 1L). ...
Yersinia pestis and plague - Biochemical Society Transactions
... the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor α and interferon γ [13]. ...
... the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor α and interferon γ [13]. ...
Stem-Cell-Based Gene Therapy for HIV Infection
... a successful entry inhibitor [9]. However, antiviral resistance can develop to this drug; thus a more permanent strategy targeting CCR5 would be a more effective approach. Targeting CCR5 as a potential treatment for HIV infection was further highlighted by the dramatic case of the “Berlin patient”, ...
... a successful entry inhibitor [9]. However, antiviral resistance can develop to this drug; thus a more permanent strategy targeting CCR5 would be a more effective approach. Targeting CCR5 as a potential treatment for HIV infection was further highlighted by the dramatic case of the “Berlin patient”, ...
Article - Research | www.stowers.org
... matic reduction of the apical cell surface area (Figures 1A–1C) also apparent at the level of the basal SJs, as seen by labeling with an antibody against Discs-large (Dlg) (not shown). Whereas the MF is characterized by an acute decrease in the apical cell surface of over 10 cell diameters, the who ...
... matic reduction of the apical cell surface area (Figures 1A–1C) also apparent at the level of the basal SJs, as seen by labeling with an antibody against Discs-large (Dlg) (not shown). Whereas the MF is characterized by an acute decrease in the apical cell surface of over 10 cell diameters, the who ...
CCL5-mediated T-cell chemotaxis involves the initiation of mRNA
... influences translation of rapamycinsensitive mRNAs and “primes” CD4ⴙ T cells for efficient chemotaxis. (Blood. 2008;111: ...
... influences translation of rapamycinsensitive mRNAs and “primes” CD4ⴙ T cells for efficient chemotaxis. (Blood. 2008;111: ...
Targeted disruption of the mouse E-Ras gene
... introduced into RF8 ES cells by electroporation. PCR screening for clones with correct homologous recombination G418-resistant colonies were screened by PCR with primers -geo screening 1 and ERAS-screening1. PCR was performed with Expand Long Template PCR System (Roche). The PCR Program consisted o ...
... introduced into RF8 ES cells by electroporation. PCR screening for clones with correct homologous recombination G418-resistant colonies were screened by PCR with primers -geo screening 1 and ERAS-screening1. PCR was performed with Expand Long Template PCR System (Roche). The PCR Program consisted o ...
Action Potential Transfer in Cell Pairs Isolated From Adult Rat and
... n cardiac tissue, impulse propagation is determined by two sets of parameters: source factors and sink factors. The source factors involve excitability of the sarcolemmal membrane brought about via voltage- and time-dependent inward currents; the sink factors include passive electrical properties an ...
... n cardiac tissue, impulse propagation is determined by two sets of parameters: source factors and sink factors. The source factors involve excitability of the sarcolemmal membrane brought about via voltage- and time-dependent inward currents; the sink factors include passive electrical properties an ...
The Physiology of the Distal Tubules and Collecting Ducts
... • [Na+]i is the most important nonhormonal factor regulating Na+,K+-ATPase activity. • Any increase in [Na+]i stimulates Na+,K+-ATPase, which in turn pumps more Na+ out of the cell and thereby contributes to restoration of initial [Na+]i. • On the extracellular side, Na+,K+-ATPase is stimulated by K ...
... • [Na+]i is the most important nonhormonal factor regulating Na+,K+-ATPase activity. • Any increase in [Na+]i stimulates Na+,K+-ATPase, which in turn pumps more Na+ out of the cell and thereby contributes to restoration of initial [Na+]i. • On the extracellular side, Na+,K+-ATPase is stimulated by K ...
Cell Cycle-specific Effects of Tumor Necrosis
... modified endotoxin. Evidence accumulated over the past several years indicates that TNF and endotoxin are separate factors and that TNF is involved in mediating the hemorrhagic necrotic effect of endotoxin (for reviews, see Refs. 17,18,23, and 27). A major distinction between endotoxin and TNF is th ...
... modified endotoxin. Evidence accumulated over the past several years indicates that TNF and endotoxin are separate factors and that TNF is involved in mediating the hemorrhagic necrotic effect of endotoxin (for reviews, see Refs. 17,18,23, and 27). A major distinction between endotoxin and TNF is th ...
Bio-Tech. Entire
... 1.3 Types of Defense- a) first line of defense (barriers at the portal of entry, physical and chemical barriers) b) second line of defense c) third line of defense-specific defense mechanism Unit II Introduction to cells and organs of immune system2.1 cells of immune system-a)broad categories of leu ...
... 1.3 Types of Defense- a) first line of defense (barriers at the portal of entry, physical and chemical barriers) b) second line of defense c) third line of defense-specific defense mechanism Unit II Introduction to cells and organs of immune system2.1 cells of immune system-a)broad categories of leu ...
Designing cell lines for viral vaccine production: where do we stand?
... genomes of all mammalian species as DNA proviruses, and if they are replicationcompetent, they can be produced as fully infectious viruses. This requires special attention ...
... genomes of all mammalian species as DNA proviruses, and if they are replicationcompetent, they can be produced as fully infectious viruses. This requires special attention ...
The chemokine SDF1/CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 regulate
... media. Beads were placed into the aorta of slices using tungsten needles. For counting PGCs in slices, the tissue was optically sectioned in 10 µm steps (with 5 µm overlap). PGCs were counted in individual optical sections by using the overlay feature in the Zeiss software to mark cell positions. RT ...
... media. Beads were placed into the aorta of slices using tungsten needles. For counting PGCs in slices, the tissue was optically sectioned in 10 µm steps (with 5 µm overlap). PGCs were counted in individual optical sections by using the overlay feature in the Zeiss software to mark cell positions. RT ...
New New Developments Gene Therapy
... Gene therapy is a difficult and complex process which is currently in an early stage of development and is used in the treatment of a limited number of medical conditions. Protein therapy has been successful for many medical problems such as Pompe disease. Originally, the particular therapeutic prot ...
... Gene therapy is a difficult and complex process which is currently in an early stage of development and is used in the treatment of a limited number of medical conditions. Protein therapy has been successful for many medical problems such as Pompe disease. Originally, the particular therapeutic prot ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.