Thyroid from Stem cells Nature 2012
... molecular marker of cell specification towards a TFC fate. Although NKX2-1 (ref. 7) and PAX8 (ref. 8) are expressed individually in a variety of tissues and cell types, their co-expression is restricted to cells committed to differentiate into TFCs. Induced overexpression of defined transcription fa ...
... molecular marker of cell specification towards a TFC fate. Although NKX2-1 (ref. 7) and PAX8 (ref. 8) are expressed individually in a variety of tissues and cell types, their co-expression is restricted to cells committed to differentiate into TFCs. Induced overexpression of defined transcription fa ...
The Euglena
... chloroplasts and can make their own food by photosynthesis. They are not completely autotrophic though, euglena can also absorb food from their environment; euglena usually live in quiet ponds or puddles. Euglena move by a flagellum (plural ‚ flagella), which is a long whip-like structure that acts ...
... chloroplasts and can make their own food by photosynthesis. They are not completely autotrophic though, euglena can also absorb food from their environment; euglena usually live in quiet ponds or puddles. Euglena move by a flagellum (plural ‚ flagella), which is a long whip-like structure that acts ...
Role of Silicon in Diatom Metabolism. Messenger
... (Baumgartel & Howell, 1976). Addition of cycloheximide (20 pg ml-*) 5 min before isolation improved the recovery of translational activity and was used routinely. This isolation procedure yielded only cytoplasmic polysomes. As there is no evidence that organelles are involved in the silicon requirem ...
... (Baumgartel & Howell, 1976). Addition of cycloheximide (20 pg ml-*) 5 min before isolation improved the recovery of translational activity and was used routinely. This isolation procedure yielded only cytoplasmic polysomes. As there is no evidence that organelles are involved in the silicon requirem ...
Critical regulation of CD4 T cell survival and autoimmunity by b
... online). Thus, the lower survival of CD4+ T cells from Arrb1–/– mice did not seem to be due to lower production of IL-2. Epigenetic regulation of Bcl2 in CD4+ T cells We further investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying b-arrestin 1–induced survival of CD4+ T cells. Given the known functions ...
... online). Thus, the lower survival of CD4+ T cells from Arrb1–/– mice did not seem to be due to lower production of IL-2. Epigenetic regulation of Bcl2 in CD4+ T cells We further investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying b-arrestin 1–induced survival of CD4+ T cells. Given the known functions ...
The ongoing search for the molecular basis of plant osmosensing
... hypoosmotic stress on surrounding cells (Beattie, 2011). In addition, some stages of plant development necessarily involve osmotic challenges, including the desiccation of seeds and pollen and their subsequent rehydration and resumption of metabolic activity. It is also possible, though not yet demo ...
... hypoosmotic stress on surrounding cells (Beattie, 2011). In addition, some stages of plant development necessarily involve osmotic challenges, including the desiccation of seeds and pollen and their subsequent rehydration and resumption of metabolic activity. It is also possible, though not yet demo ...
ARTICLES Variability in gene expression underlies incomplete penetrance Arjun Raj
... Arjun Raj1,2*{, Scott A. Rifkin1,2*{, Erik Andersen2,3 & Alexander van Oudenaarden1,2 The phenotypic differences between individual organisms can often be ascribed to underlying genetic and environmental variation. However, even genetically identical organisms in homogeneous environments vary, indic ...
... Arjun Raj1,2*{, Scott A. Rifkin1,2*{, Erik Andersen2,3 & Alexander van Oudenaarden1,2 The phenotypic differences between individual organisms can often be ascribed to underlying genetic and environmental variation. However, even genetically identical organisms in homogeneous environments vary, indic ...
Effects of N: P atomic ratios and nitrate limitation on algal growth, cell
... 1A). Since the cellular content of chlorophyll a also increased linearly with p, the C fixation rate per unit chlorophyll a (assimilation number) was uniform at all dilution rates (Fig. 1B). Therefore the higher rate of C fixation in faster growing cells is related to an increase in the level of chl ...
... 1A). Since the cellular content of chlorophyll a also increased linearly with p, the C fixation rate per unit chlorophyll a (assimilation number) was uniform at all dilution rates (Fig. 1B). Therefore the higher rate of C fixation in faster growing cells is related to an increase in the level of chl ...
The role of Pex3p in early events of peroxisome biogenesis in
... of normal WT peroxisomes. However, significant quantities of both proteins are found in fractions with lower density, possibly indicating the presence of these proteins in structures of lower density or leakage (in case of AO). The bulk of BiP[1-30]GFP largely co-localizes with Sec63p, as is the cas ...
... of normal WT peroxisomes. However, significant quantities of both proteins are found in fractions with lower density, possibly indicating the presence of these proteins in structures of lower density or leakage (in case of AO). The bulk of BiP[1-30]GFP largely co-localizes with Sec63p, as is the cas ...
Introduction to Endocrinology
... glycoproteins; penetrate through membrane For protein & charged hormones (peptides or neurotransmitters) What are the main types of receptors? ...
... glycoproteins; penetrate through membrane For protein & charged hormones (peptides or neurotransmitters) What are the main types of receptors? ...
Scrapie-like prion protein is translocated to the nuclei of infected
... 2Ab, Fig. 3Bg-i) as already published (Taraboulos et al., 1990). However, detailed inspection of the cells revealed the presence of PrPSc nuclear localization in approximately 10% of the prion-infected cells (Fig. 2Ab, white arrows, and panels c-d). In those cells, 80-100% of the PrPSc is located in ...
... 2Ab, Fig. 3Bg-i) as already published (Taraboulos et al., 1990). However, detailed inspection of the cells revealed the presence of PrPSc nuclear localization in approximately 10% of the prion-infected cells (Fig. 2Ab, white arrows, and panels c-d). In those cells, 80-100% of the PrPSc is located in ...
an introduction to endocrinology - Home
... glycoproteins; penetrate through membrane For protein & charged hormones (peptides or neurotransmitters) What are the main types of receptors? ...
... glycoproteins; penetrate through membrane For protein & charged hormones (peptides or neurotransmitters) What are the main types of receptors? ...
Anatomy, Ultrastructure and Physiology of Hornwort Stomata
... 1998). Since a water transport system is crucial to success on land, the development of stomata was a landmark in plant evolution. It is generally assumed that stomata are homologous among plant groups, but a growing amount ofevidence implies otherwise, especially among the basal phyla (Renzaglia et ...
... 1998). Since a water transport system is crucial to success on land, the development of stomata was a landmark in plant evolution. It is generally assumed that stomata are homologous among plant groups, but a growing amount ofevidence implies otherwise, especially among the basal phyla (Renzaglia et ...
Integrin modulation of signaling to transcription factors
... Cells decide whether to undergo processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, based upon the cues they receive from both circulating factors and integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Integrins control the activation of the early signaling pathways. For example, g ...
... Cells decide whether to undergo processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, based upon the cues they receive from both circulating factors and integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Integrins control the activation of the early signaling pathways. For example, g ...
The Cellular Mechanism of Epithelial Rearrangement during
... an anterior-posterior sequence. In contrast, two pairs of AB-derived cells exhibit the “pointing behavior,” and the rest of the AB-derived dorsal cells intercalate, but are not originally elongated as much in the mediolateral dimension as the C-derived cells (Fig. 2B, white arrows). The cells in Fig ...
... an anterior-posterior sequence. In contrast, two pairs of AB-derived cells exhibit the “pointing behavior,” and the rest of the AB-derived dorsal cells intercalate, but are not originally elongated as much in the mediolateral dimension as the C-derived cells (Fig. 2B, white arrows). The cells in Fig ...
Mechanism of polarized lysosome exocytosis in epithelial cells
... and AP-4 (Ohno et al., 1998). In polarized MDCK cells, newly synthesized LAMP2 is first transported to the basolateral membrane, endocytosed via clathrin and AP-2 and then sorted to lysosomes (Nabi et al., 1991). We have recently shown that clathrin regulates basolateral polarity (Deborde et al., 20 ...
... and AP-4 (Ohno et al., 1998). In polarized MDCK cells, newly synthesized LAMP2 is first transported to the basolateral membrane, endocytosed via clathrin and AP-2 and then sorted to lysosomes (Nabi et al., 1991). We have recently shown that clathrin regulates basolateral polarity (Deborde et al., 20 ...
Washington 1 Bacteri..
... different strain of E. coli and these bacteria have localized functions, so it is the emergence of an unfamiliar strain or colonization in an incorrect region of the body that leads to illness (Brown, 2006). These different strains can be transmitted through various means, but fecal contamination is ...
... different strain of E. coli and these bacteria have localized functions, so it is the emergence of an unfamiliar strain or colonization in an incorrect region of the body that leads to illness (Brown, 2006). These different strains can be transmitted through various means, but fecal contamination is ...
Mechanisms of epigenetic inheritance
... the formation of adult structures in the fly can go through many cell divisions when removed from their native environment and yet still retain the ability to form the appropriate structure, for example wing or leg, when reintroduced back into the developing embryo [4]. This suggests that these cell ...
... the formation of adult structures in the fly can go through many cell divisions when removed from their native environment and yet still retain the ability to form the appropriate structure, for example wing or leg, when reintroduced back into the developing embryo [4]. This suggests that these cell ...
Nonredox 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors Require Glutathione
... 1993)]. In vivo, there is an enhanced formation of activated oxygen species at inflammatory sites which, among other signals, are involved in 5-LO activation and subsequent leukotriene synthesis in activated leukocytes. The biological profile of leukotrienes suggests that inhibitors of the 5-LO path ...
... 1993)]. In vivo, there is an enhanced formation of activated oxygen species at inflammatory sites which, among other signals, are involved in 5-LO activation and subsequent leukotriene synthesis in activated leukocytes. The biological profile of leukotrienes suggests that inhibitors of the 5-LO path ...
Full text - Annals of RSCB
... By increasing the amount of lipids deposited, compression atrophy of muscle cells is more pronounced, so that they have only vestigial aspect (Fig. 4). Some muscle cells disappeared, and in their place were formed sac-shaped lipid deposits, bounded by ...
... By increasing the amount of lipids deposited, compression atrophy of muscle cells is more pronounced, so that they have only vestigial aspect (Fig. 4). Some muscle cells disappeared, and in their place were formed sac-shaped lipid deposits, bounded by ...
Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence reveals stage specific patterns
... RNA polymerase (NEP), which “switches on” the transcriptional machinery in the plastid, allowing the expression of “housekeeping genes” important for the priming of the plastid. Later in the differentiation process, a plastid encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) is more active and ...
... RNA polymerase (NEP), which “switches on” the transcriptional machinery in the plastid, allowing the expression of “housekeeping genes” important for the priming of the plastid. Later in the differentiation process, a plastid encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) is more active and ...
PDF
... embryos used for counting progeny of opq′, the contribution of micromere opq′ was inferred by comparing the pattern of cells arising from cell OPQ with that arising from cell OPQ′′, using the subtractive method of Zackson (1982). For this purpose, the OPQ blastomere was injected with TRDA and the OP ...
... embryos used for counting progeny of opq′, the contribution of micromere opq′ was inferred by comparing the pattern of cells arising from cell OPQ with that arising from cell OPQ′′, using the subtractive method of Zackson (1982). For this purpose, the OPQ blastomere was injected with TRDA and the OP ...
Redox Homeostasis and Signaling - University of Nebraska–Lincoln
... Oxygen toxicity was mitigated during evolution by the development of oxidative stress defense systems and signaling systems for the control of intracellular ROS. The level of ROS is controlled not only by environmental and metabolic processes but also by ROS generation. ROS-based signaling that invo ...
... Oxygen toxicity was mitigated during evolution by the development of oxidative stress defense systems and signaling systems for the control of intracellular ROS. The level of ROS is controlled not only by environmental and metabolic processes but also by ROS generation. ROS-based signaling that invo ...
1 - Purdue Department of Biological Sciences
... protoxylem undergoes severe stretching and is eventually destroyed. Metaxylem is initiated in the still-growing primary plant body, but matures largely after stem elongation is completed. Metaxylem may have spiral, scalariform, reticulate, or pitted elements. In plants lacking secondary growth, the ...
... protoxylem undergoes severe stretching and is eventually destroyed. Metaxylem is initiated in the still-growing primary plant body, but matures largely after stem elongation is completed. Metaxylem may have spiral, scalariform, reticulate, or pitted elements. In plants lacking secondary growth, the ...
Relation of Interferon Production to the Limited Replication of
... respective species of cells, infected with NDV and then challenged by 100 TCID50 of VSV. After 3 days the development of cytopathic change was scored and IFN titre was expressed by the reciprocal of the highest dilution at which cytopathic change was inhibited. NDV contained in the samples was neutr ...
... respective species of cells, infected with NDV and then challenged by 100 TCID50 of VSV. After 3 days the development of cytopathic change was scored and IFN titre was expressed by the reciprocal of the highest dilution at which cytopathic change was inhibited. NDV contained in the samples was neutr ...
Cytokine receptor signaling through the Jak–Stat–Socs pathway in
... Cytokines and their specific receptors represent one such system that plays a key role in blood and immune cells (Sato and Miyajima, 1994). Signaling via the largest cytokine receptor family, the hematopoietin receptors, involves binding of a cytokine to a specific receptor chain to initiate formati ...
... Cytokines and their specific receptors represent one such system that plays a key role in blood and immune cells (Sato and Miyajima, 1994). Signaling via the largest cytokine receptor family, the hematopoietin receptors, involves binding of a cytokine to a specific receptor chain to initiate formati ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.