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... shape during which time the luminal surface of the neuroepithelial sheet is curved in the opposite direction from its eventual definitive form. From this point until approximately the 5-somite stage, the folds continue to elevate and gradually lose their convexity. Then, at the 5-somite stage, they ...
... shape during which time the luminal surface of the neuroepithelial sheet is curved in the opposite direction from its eventual definitive form. From this point until approximately the 5-somite stage, the folds continue to elevate and gradually lose their convexity. Then, at the 5-somite stage, they ...
Co-option of an endogenous retrovirus envelope for host defense in
... eLife digest Over millions of years, viruses and the animals that they infect have been locked in a battle for survival, where each has needed to evolve ways to counteract the effects of the other. While the evolution of ancient animals can be studied by looking at the fossilized remains of their ex ...
... eLife digest Over millions of years, viruses and the animals that they infect have been locked in a battle for survival, where each has needed to evolve ways to counteract the effects of the other. While the evolution of ancient animals can be studied by looking at the fossilized remains of their ex ...
Mutations in Actin-Related Proteins 2 and 3 Affect Cell Shape
... al., 1996; Morrell et al., 1999). In a multicellular organism such as Drosophila, loss-of-function mutations in the Arpc1 and Arp3 genes indicate that the complex is required for ring canal expansion during oogenesis (Hudson and Cooley, 2002). Thus, although the participation of the ARP2/3 complex i ...
... al., 1996; Morrell et al., 1999). In a multicellular organism such as Drosophila, loss-of-function mutations in the Arpc1 and Arp3 genes indicate that the complex is required for ring canal expansion during oogenesis (Hudson and Cooley, 2002). Thus, although the participation of the ARP2/3 complex i ...
Investigation of Leaf Stomata Lab Experiment for Section 5.2
... Lab Experiment for Section 5.2 Purpose: In this activity, you will be investigating the structure of the stomata within a spinach plant leaf and determine how it functions with regards to the process of photosynthesis. Objectives: Students will be able to define the function of the stomata Stude ...
... Lab Experiment for Section 5.2 Purpose: In this activity, you will be investigating the structure of the stomata within a spinach plant leaf and determine how it functions with regards to the process of photosynthesis. Objectives: Students will be able to define the function of the stomata Stude ...
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... We performed HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis in positive ion mode to identify the 6methoxypodophyllotoxin in the thracian flax cell cultures. Figure 2 shows the Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) method performed on a triple quadrupole instrument. Changes in the nutrient levels are shown to influence the se ...
... We performed HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis in positive ion mode to identify the 6methoxypodophyllotoxin in the thracian flax cell cultures. Figure 2 shows the Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) method performed on a triple quadrupole instrument. Changes in the nutrient levels are shown to influence the se ...
Cell
... Types of tissues: A-Epithelial tissue: covers surface line cavities. 1. Saquamous, cubodial& columnar cell. 2. Simple or stratified cell layer. 3. Glands: endocrine, exocrine. ...
... Types of tissues: A-Epithelial tissue: covers surface line cavities. 1. Saquamous, cubodial& columnar cell. 2. Simple or stratified cell layer. 3. Glands: endocrine, exocrine. ...
Collagen Binding Proteins Derived from the Embryonic Fibroblast
... possibility that variable numbers of binding sites or other mechanisms distinguish transient from stable interactions. Since collagen is relatively rich in RGD sequences, we (Ogle and Little, 1985, 1986; Ogle, 1986) and others (Dedhar et al., 1987) have begun to evaluate whether RGD may mediate coll ...
... possibility that variable numbers of binding sites or other mechanisms distinguish transient from stable interactions. Since collagen is relatively rich in RGD sequences, we (Ogle and Little, 1985, 1986; Ogle, 1986) and others (Dedhar et al., 1987) have begun to evaluate whether RGD may mediate coll ...
Roles of FGFs as adipokines in adipose tissue development
... transplantation of WAT into these mice (Véniant et al., 2012). These findings indicate that WAT is a predominant site conferring the antidiabetic activities of FGF21. Adiponectin has many functional similarities to FGF21. Adiponectin as an adipokine controls systemic glucose and lipid homeostasis in ...
... transplantation of WAT into these mice (Véniant et al., 2012). These findings indicate that WAT is a predominant site conferring the antidiabetic activities of FGF21. Adiponectin has many functional similarities to FGF21. Adiponectin as an adipokine controls systemic glucose and lipid homeostasis in ...
Termination of autophagy and reformation of lysosomes regulated
... Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process by which cytoplasmic proteins and organelles are catabolized1,2. During starvation, the protein TOR (target of rapamycin), a nutrient-responsive kinase, is inhibited, and this induces autophagy. In autophagy, doublemembrane autophagosomes envelop and ...
... Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process by which cytoplasmic proteins and organelles are catabolized1,2. During starvation, the protein TOR (target of rapamycin), a nutrient-responsive kinase, is inhibited, and this induces autophagy. In autophagy, doublemembrane autophagosomes envelop and ...
Distribution, function, and prognostic value of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
... populations and neoplastic B cells.6-14 Among T-cell populations, it is generally considered that CD8⫹ T cells play an essential role in antitumor immune response as described in other tumor models.15 Accordingly, an increased CD8⫹ cell infiltrate was found to correlate with a better FL prognosis.8, ...
... populations and neoplastic B cells.6-14 Among T-cell populations, it is generally considered that CD8⫹ T cells play an essential role in antitumor immune response as described in other tumor models.15 Accordingly, an increased CD8⫹ cell infiltrate was found to correlate with a better FL prognosis.8, ...
Determination of Symmetric and Asymmetric Division Planes in
... planes that would not be predicted by mother cell shape and generate daughters with distinct sizes, shapes, and/or developmental fates. For example, asymmetric cell divisions in root meristems follow a stereotyped pattern that establishes distinct cell layers with different identities and functions ...
... planes that would not be predicted by mother cell shape and generate daughters with distinct sizes, shapes, and/or developmental fates. For example, asymmetric cell divisions in root meristems follow a stereotyped pattern that establishes distinct cell layers with different identities and functions ...
Root cytoskeleton: its role in perception of and response to gravity
... cytoskeleton in gravistimulated root cells. In addition, we will consider all those cytoskeletal functions known from other biological systems that might be relevant for the elucidation of processes controlling gravisensing, signal transduction, and graviresponse of roots. Cytoskeletal involvement i ...
... cytoskeleton in gravistimulated root cells. In addition, we will consider all those cytoskeletal functions known from other biological systems that might be relevant for the elucidation of processes controlling gravisensing, signal transduction, and graviresponse of roots. Cytoskeletal involvement i ...
Noncoding RNAs and Chromatin Structure
... Methylation. Lysine residues in histones can be mono-, di-, and tri-methylated. Methylation of lysine residues at positions 9 and 27 of H3 leads to transcription repression, while methylation of lysine-4 associates with active chromatin state. Methylation is performed by histone methyltransferase (H ...
... Methylation. Lysine residues in histones can be mono-, di-, and tri-methylated. Methylation of lysine residues at positions 9 and 27 of H3 leads to transcription repression, while methylation of lysine-4 associates with active chromatin state. Methylation is performed by histone methyltransferase (H ...
The Growing Outer Epidermal Wall: Design and
... † Background The cells of growing plant organs secrete an extracellular fibrous composite (the primary wall) that allows the turgid protoplasts to expand irreversibly via wall-yielding events, which are regulated by processes within the cytoplasm. The role of the epidermis in the control of stem elo ...
... † Background The cells of growing plant organs secrete an extracellular fibrous composite (the primary wall) that allows the turgid protoplasts to expand irreversibly via wall-yielding events, which are regulated by processes within the cytoplasm. The role of the epidermis in the control of stem elo ...
Small airway-on-a-chip enables analysis of human lung
... it plays a critical role in severe asthma as well8. Unfortunately, it is not possible to study complex interactions among airway epithelium, endothelium and circulating neutrophils using existing in vitro lung models because most fail to recapitulate normal functional coupling between the epithelium ...
... it plays a critical role in severe asthma as well8. Unfortunately, it is not possible to study complex interactions among airway epithelium, endothelium and circulating neutrophils using existing in vitro lung models because most fail to recapitulate normal functional coupling between the epithelium ...
Recruiting Coreceptors to the T Cell Receptor Complex
... intermediate molecules such as ZAP-70 and Lck, they are able to bind the same pMHC molecule (Figure 1). Finally, Jiang et al. (2011)’s results provide some clues into coreceptor function. Coreceptors evidently play a role directing development of T cell precursors into functionally distinct CD8 or C ...
... intermediate molecules such as ZAP-70 and Lck, they are able to bind the same pMHC molecule (Figure 1). Finally, Jiang et al. (2011)’s results provide some clues into coreceptor function. Coreceptors evidently play a role directing development of T cell precursors into functionally distinct CD8 or C ...
Aphidicolin-Induced Nuclear Elongation in Tobacco BY
... some tissues (Chytilova et al. 1999). While uniform-sized spherical nuclei were observed in the meristematic tissues, nuclei of various shapes and sizes were observed in the leaf epidermal and pavement cells. Highly elongated, almost rod-like nuclei were observed in elongated cells of the vascular t ...
... some tissues (Chytilova et al. 1999). While uniform-sized spherical nuclei were observed in the meristematic tissues, nuclei of various shapes and sizes were observed in the leaf epidermal and pavement cells. Highly elongated, almost rod-like nuclei were observed in elongated cells of the vascular t ...
biology and medicine Embryonic stem cell differentiation
... and specification. Comparable studies are difficult in the mouse embryo and impossible in the human embryo. In addition to providing a model of early development, the ES cell differentiation system is viewed by many as a novel and unlimited source of cells and tissues for transplantation for the tre ...
... and specification. Comparable studies are difficult in the mouse embryo and impossible in the human embryo. In addition to providing a model of early development, the ES cell differentiation system is viewed by many as a novel and unlimited source of cells and tissues for transplantation for the tre ...
Changes in Pectin Structure during Epidermal Cell Elongation in
... pectins with a low degree of methylesterification, and JIM7, which recognizes those with a high degree of methylesterification (Knox et al. 1990). In the outer epidermal wall of the elongating region, JIM5 was labeled sparsely on the outer half of the cell wall,with little or no labeling on the inne ...
... pectins with a low degree of methylesterification, and JIM7, which recognizes those with a high degree of methylesterification (Knox et al. 1990). In the outer epidermal wall of the elongating region, JIM5 was labeled sparsely on the outer half of the cell wall,with little or no labeling on the inne ...
7-2 cell parts
... Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm and attached to other organelles. Slide 16 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm and attached to other organelles. Slide 16 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
Excitable Properties of Olfactory Receptor Neurons
... after olfactory nerve transection. The techniques used for transection were identical to those described previously (Masukawa et al., 1985b). Briefly, the animal was cooled and immobilized on ice and subcutaneously injected with xylocaine in the area of the surgery. The olfactory nerves were exposed ...
... after olfactory nerve transection. The techniques used for transection were identical to those described previously (Masukawa et al., 1985b). Briefly, the animal was cooled and immobilized on ice and subcutaneously injected with xylocaine in the area of the surgery. The olfactory nerves were exposed ...
Shape engineering vs organic modification of cellular internalization
... important parameter which has received much less attention is the morphology (shape) of the nanocarrier. In order to investigate the morphology effect on the extent of cellular internalization, two similarly sized but differently shaped rod-like and spherical mesoporous silica nanoparticles were syn ...
... important parameter which has received much less attention is the morphology (shape) of the nanocarrier. In order to investigate the morphology effect on the extent of cellular internalization, two similarly sized but differently shaped rod-like and spherical mesoporous silica nanoparticles were syn ...
laboratory science
... of the light path, transmission of the 430 nm light was reduced by approximately 50% and cell death was reduced by 80% (P⬍.001) compared to irradiation in the absence of an IOL (Figure 1). When the AcrySof, Sensar, ClariFlex, or CeeOn Edge IOLs were in place, the frequency of nonviable cells was not ...
... of the light path, transmission of the 430 nm light was reduced by approximately 50% and cell death was reduced by 80% (P⬍.001) compared to irradiation in the absence of an IOL (Figure 1). When the AcrySof, Sensar, ClariFlex, or CeeOn Edge IOLs were in place, the frequency of nonviable cells was not ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.