EXPERIMENT 3 - UniMAP Portal
... a differential staining procedure. Once bacteria have been properly stained, it is usually an easy matter to discern their overall shape. Bacterial morphology is usually uncomplicated and limited to one of a few variations. ...
... a differential staining procedure. Once bacteria have been properly stained, it is usually an easy matter to discern their overall shape. Bacterial morphology is usually uncomplicated and limited to one of a few variations. ...
Full PDF - American Journal of Physiology
... genes such as Myf5 in satellite cells (52, 66). This binding leads to the recruitment of TRxG histone methyltransferase complex, which in turn will induce strong H3K4 trimethylation on the transcription start site, thus establishing a transcriptionally active domain (52, 66). Eventually, the activat ...
... genes such as Myf5 in satellite cells (52, 66). This binding leads to the recruitment of TRxG histone methyltransferase complex, which in turn will induce strong H3K4 trimethylation on the transcription start site, thus establishing a transcriptionally active domain (52, 66). Eventually, the activat ...
PDF - The Journal of Immunology
... products such as LPS in dendritic cells (DCs), allowing triggering of an iNKT cell response (7, 8). A role for iNKT cells in immune responses to viral infections is supported by studies in mouse models, where mice deficient in either CD1d or iNKT cells show increased susceptibility or impaired immun ...
... products such as LPS in dendritic cells (DCs), allowing triggering of an iNKT cell response (7, 8). A role for iNKT cells in immune responses to viral infections is supported by studies in mouse models, where mice deficient in either CD1d or iNKT cells show increased susceptibility or impaired immun ...
Cell Lineage and Fate Map of the Primary
... Synopsis Like most polychaete annelids, Capitella teleta (formerly Capitella sp. I) exhibits a highly stereotypic program of early development known as spiral cleavage. Animals with spiral cleavage have diverse body plans, and homologous embryonic cells can be readily identified among distantly rela ...
... Synopsis Like most polychaete annelids, Capitella teleta (formerly Capitella sp. I) exhibits a highly stereotypic program of early development known as spiral cleavage. Animals with spiral cleavage have diverse body plans, and homologous embryonic cells can be readily identified among distantly rela ...
Preview Sample 1
... by the complete meiosis of one primary spermatocyte. For the purposes of this question, assume that males with Down syndrome produce normal ratios of sperm cells. (More than one answer is possible.) Answer: ...
... by the complete meiosis of one primary spermatocyte. For the purposes of this question, assume that males with Down syndrome produce normal ratios of sperm cells. (More than one answer is possible.) Answer: ...
SYSTEM ANALYSIS MORPHOGENESIS BREAST CANCER
... cells Excludes qualitative uniqueness of these states at the "cell." Second, in systems such as EPE properties of any cell are determined by all the other cells. Hence, for any of many differentiated cells need some preliminary development of type EPE increase integrity and which was evident in the ...
... cells Excludes qualitative uniqueness of these states at the "cell." Second, in systems such as EPE properties of any cell are determined by all the other cells. Hence, for any of many differentiated cells need some preliminary development of type EPE increase integrity and which was evident in the ...
SOMBRERO, BEARSKIN1, and BEARSKIN2 Regulate Root Cap
... mature position in smb-3 fail to detach from the root at the appropriate time, and this is the origin of the supernumerary layer. There does not seem to be an absolute block in reaching maturity because the oldest cells in the outer LRC layer of smb-3 have normal LRC morphology. We further examined ...
... mature position in smb-3 fail to detach from the root at the appropriate time, and this is the origin of the supernumerary layer. There does not seem to be an absolute block in reaching maturity because the oldest cells in the outer LRC layer of smb-3 have normal LRC morphology. We further examined ...
Transcription Factor c-Rel B κ Regulation of the IL-21 Gene by the NF-
... initiator of Th17 development in an IL-6–independent pathway (24, 25). It could furthermore induce IL-23R expression on activated CD4+ T cells and maintain the expansion of differentiated Th17 cells, which in turn produced high levels of IL-21. Accordingly, IL-21 has been proposed to have an autocri ...
... initiator of Th17 development in an IL-6–independent pathway (24, 25). It could furthermore induce IL-23R expression on activated CD4+ T cells and maintain the expansion of differentiated Th17 cells, which in turn produced high levels of IL-21. Accordingly, IL-21 has been proposed to have an autocri ...
Activating the DNA damage checkpoint in a developmental context
... the modulation of cell division by checkpoints during embryogenesis must occur in the context of cellular differentiation, gastrulation and changes in cell cycle regulation. We examined the effect of DNA damage by X-rays on post-blastoderm-stage Drosophila embryos with two aims. First, to ascertain ...
... the modulation of cell division by checkpoints during embryogenesis must occur in the context of cellular differentiation, gastrulation and changes in cell cycle regulation. We examined the effect of DNA damage by X-rays on post-blastoderm-stage Drosophila embryos with two aims. First, to ascertain ...
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... of three blots is shown in Fig. 3B. We also tested explants for both cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (Rlbp1) and GS (Glul) gene expression by qRT-PCR after 6 and 24 h in vitro. In the DM-treated explants, both of these Müller glial genes are significantly reduced by 24 h (Fig. 3C). Although m ...
... of three blots is shown in Fig. 3B. We also tested explants for both cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (Rlbp1) and GS (Glul) gene expression by qRT-PCR after 6 and 24 h in vitro. In the DM-treated explants, both of these Müller glial genes are significantly reduced by 24 h (Fig. 3C). Although m ...
Pro-Survival Role of Gelsolin in Mouse β
... determine the role of gelsolin in -cell survival as it has been shown to play a dual role in apoptosis in other cell types. MIN6 subclones B1 and C3, shown previously to express gelsolin at different levels (B1⬎⬎C3 cells), were used for this purpose. We demonstrate that B1 cells have lower levels o ...
... determine the role of gelsolin in -cell survival as it has been shown to play a dual role in apoptosis in other cell types. MIN6 subclones B1 and C3, shown previously to express gelsolin at different levels (B1⬎⬎C3 cells), were used for this purpose. We demonstrate that B1 cells have lower levels o ...
Inflammation and fever
... blood vessels can occur. In this situation infection can, and frequently does result because the normal barrier to the entry of harmful organisms has been broken. It is obviously most important that the body can respond to injury by healing and repairing the damaged tissue, as well as by eliminating ...
... blood vessels can occur. In this situation infection can, and frequently does result because the normal barrier to the entry of harmful organisms has been broken. It is obviously most important that the body can respond to injury by healing and repairing the damaged tissue, as well as by eliminating ...
Induction of a Secondary Body Axis in Xenopus by Antibodies to
... effectively to analyze the roles of growth factors and their receptors during mesoderm induction and other early patterning events (la, 13, 20b). Of particular interest in this regard is the observation that certain of the Wnt growth factors, which are homologues of the wingless segment polarity gen ...
... effectively to analyze the roles of growth factors and their receptors during mesoderm induction and other early patterning events (la, 13, 20b). Of particular interest in this regard is the observation that certain of the Wnt growth factors, which are homologues of the wingless segment polarity gen ...
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... Anderson, 1975; Magnuson, Demsey & Stackpole, 1977; Lo & Gilula, 1979). It is believed that the events of compaction have an important influence on the processes involved in blastocyst formation, namely (i) the initiation of inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm differentiation, (ii) the loss of d ...
... Anderson, 1975; Magnuson, Demsey & Stackpole, 1977; Lo & Gilula, 1979). It is believed that the events of compaction have an important influence on the processes involved in blastocyst formation, namely (i) the initiation of inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm differentiation, (ii) the loss of d ...
IUG - CELL BIO - E
... with the electron microscope. The freeze-etching technique has been used to cleave membranes down the center of the lipid bilayer, splitting them in half and exposing the interior. In this way it has been discovered that many membranes, including the plasma membrane, have a complex internal structur ...
... with the electron microscope. The freeze-etching technique has been used to cleave membranes down the center of the lipid bilayer, splitting them in half and exposing the interior. In this way it has been discovered that many membranes, including the plasma membrane, have a complex internal structur ...
Regulated gene expression in Staphylococcus
... Selectively regulating gene expression in bacteria has provided an important tool for studying gene function. However, wellregulated gene control systems have been restricted primarily for use in laboratory non-pathogenic strains of bacteria (e.g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis). The developmen ...
... Selectively regulating gene expression in bacteria has provided an important tool for studying gene function. However, wellregulated gene control systems have been restricted primarily for use in laboratory non-pathogenic strains of bacteria (e.g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis). The developmen ...
Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis
... the Bcl-2 family of polypeptides (6). In particular, the multidomain proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bax is essential for TRAIL-induced killing of a colon cancer cell line that has low level expression of Bak (7). Other Bcl-2 family members also affect TRAIL action. We and others have demonstrated ...
... the Bcl-2 family of polypeptides (6). In particular, the multidomain proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bax is essential for TRAIL-induced killing of a colon cancer cell line that has low level expression of Bak (7). Other Bcl-2 family members also affect TRAIL action. We and others have demonstrated ...
Primary endothelial cells isolated from the yolk sac
... numbers of macrophage and megakaryocyte progenitors.2 On 8.25 dpc, definitive progenitor cells also emerge in the yolk sac but not the embryo.3,4 By 8.5 dpc, the frequency of EryP diminishes and EryP are absent in the 9.0-dpc yolk sac; however, the frequency of definitive progenitor cells increases ...
... numbers of macrophage and megakaryocyte progenitors.2 On 8.25 dpc, definitive progenitor cells also emerge in the yolk sac but not the embryo.3,4 By 8.5 dpc, the frequency of EryP diminishes and EryP are absent in the 9.0-dpc yolk sac; however, the frequency of definitive progenitor cells increases ...
Lung dendritic cells and host immunity to infection
... interactions take place in the draining lymph nodes and are important for clonal expansion, differentiation, and avoidance of anergy in T-cells [7]. Upon initial encounter of a DC with a T-cell, adhesion molecules, such as DC-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) and CD54 (intercellular adh ...
... interactions take place in the draining lymph nodes and are important for clonal expansion, differentiation, and avoidance of anergy in T-cells [7]. Upon initial encounter of a DC with a T-cell, adhesion molecules, such as DC-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) and CD54 (intercellular adh ...
Emerging regulatory mechanisms in ubiquitin
... genomic material, correct mistakes made by sloppy DNA polymerases, repair damage caused by harsh environments and yet still distribute their chromosomes into identical daughter cells. Errors in this program can be deadly for the cell, or, if they result in transformation, have detrimental effects on ...
... genomic material, correct mistakes made by sloppy DNA polymerases, repair damage caused by harsh environments and yet still distribute their chromosomes into identical daughter cells. Errors in this program can be deadly for the cell, or, if they result in transformation, have detrimental effects on ...
Cytokinesis in Tobacco BY-2 and Root Tip Cells: A New Model of
... EM Grid. The grid was sandwiched between two copper replica supports and immediately inserted into the propane jet freezer. Jets of liquid propane cooled to at least -170°C were applied to both sides of the replica supports, which were then dropped into liquid nitrogen. Propane jet replica holders o ...
... EM Grid. The grid was sandwiched between two copper replica supports and immediately inserted into the propane jet freezer. Jets of liquid propane cooled to at least -170°C were applied to both sides of the replica supports, which were then dropped into liquid nitrogen. Propane jet replica holders o ...
LATS1/WARTS phosphorylates MYPT1 to counteract PLK1 and
... MD-N (amino acids 345–462), MD-M (amino acids 463–512), and MD-C (amino acids 513–653; Fig. 3 B). An in vitro kinase assay using these mutants showed that MD-N and MD-M were mainly responsible for LATS1-mediated phosphory lation (Fig. 3 C). Combining this result with those from the mass spectrometr ...
... MD-N (amino acids 345–462), MD-M (amino acids 463–512), and MD-C (amino acids 513–653; Fig. 3 B). An in vitro kinase assay using these mutants showed that MD-N and MD-M were mainly responsible for LATS1-mediated phosphory lation (Fig. 3 C). Combining this result with those from the mass spectrometr ...
Apical constriction: A cell shape change that can
... shrinking of the apical sides of cells. Cell shape changes and tissue movements like these are at the core of many of the morphogenetic movements that shape animal form during development, driving processes such as gastrulation, tube formation, and neurulation. The mechanisms of such cell shape chan ...
... shrinking of the apical sides of cells. Cell shape changes and tissue movements like these are at the core of many of the morphogenetic movements that shape animal form during development, driving processes such as gastrulation, tube formation, and neurulation. The mechanisms of such cell shape chan ...
CpG-ODN 2006 and human parvovirus B19 genome consensus
... erythroid (GPA⫹), neutrophilic (CD15⫹), and megakaryocytic (CD61⫹) progenitors occurred. We found that 2006-PO inhibited the growth of erythroid progenitors in a dose-dependent manner but did not affect the growth of neutrophilic and megakaryocytic progenitors (Figure 1A). To investigate the specifi ...
... erythroid (GPA⫹), neutrophilic (CD15⫹), and megakaryocytic (CD61⫹) progenitors occurred. We found that 2006-PO inhibited the growth of erythroid progenitors in a dose-dependent manner but did not affect the growth of neutrophilic and megakaryocytic progenitors (Figure 1A). To investigate the specifi ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.