A model of chloroplast growth regulation in mesophyll cells
... chloroplasts have more scatter, which means that chloroplast geometry matters. Here we propose a mechanism to explain this observed chloroplast growth regulation phenomenon. The ability to sense the collective density of one’s own population is found in certain bacteria and is referred to as “quorum ...
... chloroplasts have more scatter, which means that chloroplast geometry matters. Here we propose a mechanism to explain this observed chloroplast growth regulation phenomenon. The ability to sense the collective density of one’s own population is found in certain bacteria and is referred to as “quorum ...
- Wiley Online Library
... The difference between PtdIns3P and PtdIns4P is the phosphate group on the 3- or 4-position of the D-myo-inositol ring. PtdIns3P has previously been imaged using the biosensor YFP–2 · FYVE (Vermeer et al., 2006; Voigt et al., 2005). To investigate whether there is any overlap between PtdIns3P and Pt ...
... The difference between PtdIns3P and PtdIns4P is the phosphate group on the 3- or 4-position of the D-myo-inositol ring. PtdIns3P has previously been imaged using the biosensor YFP–2 · FYVE (Vermeer et al., 2006; Voigt et al., 2005). To investigate whether there is any overlap between PtdIns3P and Pt ...
Figure 6.1: Toluidine blue (TB) resin section illustrating the full
... filled with PAS-positive (pink-staining) granules, giving these cells the appearance of slender goblet cells (Fig. 6.5). The fine granular PAS-positivity in the basal cytoplasm disappeared after diastase treatment (PAS-D) indicating the presence of glycogen (Fig. 6.6). The pink-staining apical granu ...
... filled with PAS-positive (pink-staining) granules, giving these cells the appearance of slender goblet cells (Fig. 6.5). The fine granular PAS-positivity in the basal cytoplasm disappeared after diastase treatment (PAS-D) indicating the presence of glycogen (Fig. 6.6). The pink-staining apical granu ...
Mesoderm and ectoderm lineages in the crustacean Parhyale
... traditionally defined during gastrulation when embryonic cells are committed to a single germ layer. In some animals, germ layer commitment can be traced through cell lineages well before gastrulation and stereotypical cleavage patterns are tightly linked to cell fate. In these animals, gastrulation ...
... traditionally defined during gastrulation when embryonic cells are committed to a single germ layer. In some animals, germ layer commitment can be traced through cell lineages well before gastrulation and stereotypical cleavage patterns are tightly linked to cell fate. In these animals, gastrulation ...
Where in the Cell Are You? Probing HIV
... transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to identify HIV-1 fusion at the cell surface [3], the advent of dually fluorescent HIV-1 virions and pH-sensing reporters have demonstrated that as much as 30% of virions can carry out fusion with endosomal membranes to initiate infections [8]. Overall, reporte ...
... transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to identify HIV-1 fusion at the cell surface [3], the advent of dually fluorescent HIV-1 virions and pH-sensing reporters have demonstrated that as much as 30% of virions can carry out fusion with endosomal membranes to initiate infections [8]. Overall, reporte ...
Production Which Suppress T Cells through Adenosine Cancer
... role has been highlighted by numerous pathology models including colitis (1), diabetes (2), asthma (3), sepsis (4), and ischemic injury (5, 6). Adenosine also represses immune responses in the tumor microenvironment, assisting tumor immune evasion (7, 8). The mechanisms involved in adenosine formati ...
... role has been highlighted by numerous pathology models including colitis (1), diabetes (2), asthma (3), sepsis (4), and ischemic injury (5, 6). Adenosine also represses immune responses in the tumor microenvironment, assisting tumor immune evasion (7, 8). The mechanisms involved in adenosine formati ...
TMBP200, a Microtubule Bundling Polypeptide Isolated from
... et al. 1995). As the formation of the cell plate progresses, microtubules in the central region of the phragmoplast depolymerize and the phragmoplast assumes a ring-like structure, expanding outwards with the centrifugal growth of the cell plate. The phragmoplast expands by polymerization of microtu ...
... et al. 1995). As the formation of the cell plate progresses, microtubules in the central region of the phragmoplast depolymerize and the phragmoplast assumes a ring-like structure, expanding outwards with the centrifugal growth of the cell plate. The phragmoplast expands by polymerization of microtu ...
MEMBRANE PROTEINS SYNTHESIZED BY
... The proteins present in partially purified membrane preparations from human erythrocytes, rabbit reticulocytes, and rabbit erythrocytes were resolved by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing urea and SDS, and visualized by staining with Coomassie blue (Fig. 3 a, b, e). The numbering of t ...
... The proteins present in partially purified membrane preparations from human erythrocytes, rabbit reticulocytes, and rabbit erythrocytes were resolved by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing urea and SDS, and visualized by staining with Coomassie blue (Fig. 3 a, b, e). The numbering of t ...
The cell walls of streptococci
... The methods developed by Salton (1953)made possible the study of the cell-wall composition as a relatively simple procedure and recent work by others has suggested that cell-wall composition may be of use in classifying streptococci (Roberts & Stewart, 1961 ; Slade & Slamp, 1962). As part of a gener ...
... The methods developed by Salton (1953)made possible the study of the cell-wall composition as a relatively simple procedure and recent work by others has suggested that cell-wall composition may be of use in classifying streptococci (Roberts & Stewart, 1961 ; Slade & Slamp, 1962). As part of a gener ...
Cell wall synthesis is necessary for membrane dynamics during
... 2006) as compared with the wild type (Fig. S2). Once engulfment completed and the forespore had separated from the mother cell, the ramoplanin signal in the forespore disappeared (data not shown) likely because it is unable to cross the lipid bilayer (Hamburger et al., 2009). Next, we took advantage ...
... 2006) as compared with the wild type (Fig. S2). Once engulfment completed and the forespore had separated from the mother cell, the ramoplanin signal in the forespore disappeared (data not shown) likely because it is unable to cross the lipid bilayer (Hamburger et al., 2009). Next, we took advantage ...
The enemy within: ricin and plant cells
... of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the most potent cell poisons known. It is able to bind and enter most mammalian cells where it exploits their fully reversible secretory pathway to reach the endoplasmic reticulum. Ricin is then able to exit the endoplasmic reticulum to access ...
... of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the most potent cell poisons known. It is able to bind and enter most mammalian cells where it exploits their fully reversible secretory pathway to reach the endoplasmic reticulum. Ricin is then able to exit the endoplasmic reticulum to access ...
Growth of a Tryptophanase-producing Thermophile
... for their ability to support the growth of S. thermophilum. Sucrose (lo%, w/v) was added to Trp-PEP medium to test the effect of osmotic stabilization. Isolation and cultivation of thermophilic bacteria. Approximately 100 mg each of soil, compost or 0.5 ml hot spring water from various locations in ...
... for their ability to support the growth of S. thermophilum. Sucrose (lo%, w/v) was added to Trp-PEP medium to test the effect of osmotic stabilization. Isolation and cultivation of thermophilic bacteria. Approximately 100 mg each of soil, compost or 0.5 ml hot spring water from various locations in ...
Retinoid signaling regulates primitive (yolk sac
... Meanwhile, the signaling molecules that control blood island development and primitive hematopoiesis are unknown and may be distinct from definitive hematopoietic cytokines. Primitive erythrocytes are a transient population of relatively large, hyperchromatic cells expressing embryonic globins and a ...
... Meanwhile, the signaling molecules that control blood island development and primitive hematopoiesis are unknown and may be distinct from definitive hematopoietic cytokines. Primitive erythrocytes are a transient population of relatively large, hyperchromatic cells expressing embryonic globins and a ...
The role of AMPK and CREB-1 in the regulation of mitochondrial
... promoter as a representative promoter since cytochrome c levels correlate well with respiratory chain complexes. We chose the AMP activated kinase (AMPK) and cyclic AMP-response element binding protein 1 (CREB-1) as promising candidates, which could control the process of mitochondrial proliferation ...
... promoter as a representative promoter since cytochrome c levels correlate well with respiratory chain complexes. We chose the AMP activated kinase (AMPK) and cyclic AMP-response element binding protein 1 (CREB-1) as promising candidates, which could control the process of mitochondrial proliferation ...
ASYMMETRIC CELL DIVISION IN PLANTS
... by differential regulation of HO gene transcription. Recently, the ASH1 gene was identified in two different genetic screens as a negative regulator of HO transcription (8, 93). The Ash1 protein, which is related to GATA transcriptional regulators, is partitioned into daughter cells. Its presence do ...
... by differential regulation of HO gene transcription. Recently, the ASH1 gene was identified in two different genetic screens as a negative regulator of HO transcription (8, 93). The Ash1 protein, which is related to GATA transcriptional regulators, is partitioned into daughter cells. Its presence do ...
Single-cell absolute contact probability detection reveals
... exhibited moderate single-cell variations (Fig. 3b), but were considerably different between cell types (Figs. 3b and S3c). The chromosome elongation and volume, obtained from the maximum pairwise distance (Dmax) and the radius of gyration (Rg, Fig. 3c), decreased to almost half between S ...
... exhibited moderate single-cell variations (Fig. 3b), but were considerably different between cell types (Figs. 3b and S3c). The chromosome elongation and volume, obtained from the maximum pairwise distance (Dmax) and the radius of gyration (Rg, Fig. 3c), decreased to almost half between S ...
comparison of tgf/bmp superfamily pathways signaled by bmp
... provide information about the mechanisms by which DBP acts on target cells. Scrutiny of the pattern of downstream targets indicates that DBP signals two paths of Smad activation, BR Smads, the one responsive to BMP, as well as AR Smads, the one responsive to activin/TGFβ (Disc Figure). This classifi ...
... provide information about the mechanisms by which DBP acts on target cells. Scrutiny of the pattern of downstream targets indicates that DBP signals two paths of Smad activation, BR Smads, the one responsive to BMP, as well as AR Smads, the one responsive to activin/TGFβ (Disc Figure). This classifi ...
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
... found on RBC surface) • Coombs reagent - combination of anti-human immunoglobulin & anti-human complement • Mixed with patient’s red cells; if immunoglobulin or complement are on surface, Coombs reagent will link cells together and cause agglutination of RBCs ...
... found on RBC surface) • Coombs reagent - combination of anti-human immunoglobulin & anti-human complement • Mixed with patient’s red cells; if immunoglobulin or complement are on surface, Coombs reagent will link cells together and cause agglutination of RBCs ...
Hedgehog and Dpp signaling induce cadherin Cad86C expression
... Fig. 2 – Cad86C is expressed in cells of the leading flank of the morphogenetic furrow and localizes to the subapical region. (A) A control eye imaginal disc hybridized with a Cad86C-specific RNA probe. A hybridization signal is detected in the region of the morphogenetic furrow. (B) An eye imaginal ...
... Fig. 2 – Cad86C is expressed in cells of the leading flank of the morphogenetic furrow and localizes to the subapical region. (A) A control eye imaginal disc hybridized with a Cad86C-specific RNA probe. A hybridization signal is detected in the region of the morphogenetic furrow. (B) An eye imaginal ...
Gene Section RHOA (ras homolog gene family, member A)
... normal and transformed cell lines. This effect appears to occur through a transcriptional mechanism but is independent of p53, a major transcriptional regulator of p21. RhoA plays an important role in determining the levels of p27 through a pathway involving its effector, the Rho-associated kinases. ...
... normal and transformed cell lines. This effect appears to occur through a transcriptional mechanism but is independent of p53, a major transcriptional regulator of p21. RhoA plays an important role in determining the levels of p27 through a pathway involving its effector, the Rho-associated kinases. ...
Cytoskeletal Motors in Arabidopsis. Sixty
... classified as At1 (Dagenbach and Endow, 2004). The tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) homolog NACK1 physically interacts with a MAP kinase kinase kinase called NPK1, and they form a complex during cell division (Nishihama et al., 2002). Both NACK1 and NPK1 localize to the midline in the phragmoplast of tob ...
... classified as At1 (Dagenbach and Endow, 2004). The tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) homolog NACK1 physically interacts with a MAP kinase kinase kinase called NPK1, and they form a complex during cell division (Nishihama et al., 2002). Both NACK1 and NPK1 localize to the midline in the phragmoplast of tob ...
The carbohydrates ofPhaeocystisand their degradation in the
... in laboratory cultures of diatoms (Hitchcock 1980; Vårum et al. 1986; Van Oijen et al. 2004b), field populations of pelagic marine phytoplankton dominated by diatoms (Barlow 1982; Hama and Handa 1992, Van Oijen et al. 2004b) and mesocosms dominated by P. pouchetii (Alderkamp et al. 2006a). Notably ...
... in laboratory cultures of diatoms (Hitchcock 1980; Vårum et al. 1986; Van Oijen et al. 2004b), field populations of pelagic marine phytoplankton dominated by diatoms (Barlow 1982; Hama and Handa 1992, Van Oijen et al. 2004b) and mesocosms dominated by P. pouchetii (Alderkamp et al. 2006a). Notably ...
- RichardWheeler.net
... between two morphological forms, the small round amastigote forms, which replicate in the mammalian host, and the elongated promastigote forms that live in the phlebotomid sandfly vector. Following ingestion of amastigotes by a blood-feeding sandfly, the parasites progress through a series of distin ...
... between two morphological forms, the small round amastigote forms, which replicate in the mammalian host, and the elongated promastigote forms that live in the phlebotomid sandfly vector. Following ingestion of amastigotes by a blood-feeding sandfly, the parasites progress through a series of distin ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).