Animal Science 101 - University of Hawaii at Manoa
... Breeding and genetics Inbreeding: The mating together of parents more closely related than average in the population. Inbreeding decreases the proportion of heterozygous gene pairs in the offspring and increases the proportion of homozygous gene pairs. It increases the frequency of expression of ...
... Breeding and genetics Inbreeding: The mating together of parents more closely related than average in the population. Inbreeding decreases the proportion of heterozygous gene pairs in the offspring and increases the proportion of homozygous gene pairs. It increases the frequency of expression of ...
PopulationGenetics_Inbreeding_RiskAssessment
... o F=1 when offspring have normal reproductive fitness. Most, if not all, cases arise from inheritance of a mutant allele from a parent (or both) The coefficient of selection (s) is the loss of fitness (1-f=s) Mutation rates must be able to balance the number of mutant alleles lost in a generation du ...
... o F=1 when offspring have normal reproductive fitness. Most, if not all, cases arise from inheritance of a mutant allele from a parent (or both) The coefficient of selection (s) is the loss of fitness (1-f=s) Mutation rates must be able to balance the number of mutant alleles lost in a generation du ...
Lecture #10 Date ______
... – Type of genetic drift resulting from a reduction in population (natural disaster) where the surviving population does have the same genetic make up of the original population ...
... – Type of genetic drift resulting from a reduction in population (natural disaster) where the surviving population does have the same genetic make up of the original population ...
Inbreeding in Swine, nsif-fs4 - National Swine Improvement Federation
... Inbreeding can have several benefits to a seedstock producer if the breeder understands how to monitor it and is willing to sacrifice some performance in the process. Inbreeding tends to subdivide a breed into families that can be identified and crossed with some small benefit. Creation of families ...
... Inbreeding can have several benefits to a seedstock producer if the breeder understands how to monitor it and is willing to sacrifice some performance in the process. Inbreeding tends to subdivide a breed into families that can be identified and crossed with some small benefit. Creation of families ...
Allele Frequencies
... individuals differ from their population origin – Ex. Germans Amish community possessed allele for polydactylism – 200 years of reproductive isolation = over 8,000 in population had polydactylism (exceeding number of cases around the world) ...
... individuals differ from their population origin – Ex. Germans Amish community possessed allele for polydactylism – 200 years of reproductive isolation = over 8,000 in population had polydactylism (exceeding number of cases around the world) ...
Defining Cooperative breeding
... • Promiscuity lower in noncooperative ancestors of cooperative breeders • Rate of transition was over twice as high for ancestors with low promiscuity • Cooperative breeding evolved 33 times and was lost 20 times. ...
... • Promiscuity lower in noncooperative ancestors of cooperative breeders • Rate of transition was over twice as high for ancestors with low promiscuity • Cooperative breeding evolved 33 times and was lost 20 times. ...
CHAPTER 27
... Organs / appendages used often developed whilst those which were not used atrophied. Muscle building exercises leads to increased development of muscles. Lamarck believed that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual were transmitted to that individual's offspring. Weismann cut ...
... Organs / appendages used often developed whilst those which were not used atrophied. Muscle building exercises leads to increased development of muscles. Lamarck believed that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual were transmitted to that individual's offspring. Weismann cut ...
Inbreeding in Cattle
... (the degree to which a sire or dam will pass his or her characteristics consistently). This is more than counteracted by the decline in selection intensity and loss of genetic variation. Selection intensity is a function of the proportion of bull and heifer candidates that are actually selected. Sel ...
... (the degree to which a sire or dam will pass his or her characteristics consistently). This is more than counteracted by the decline in selection intensity and loss of genetic variation. Selection intensity is a function of the proportion of bull and heifer candidates that are actually selected. Sel ...
Sex, sociality and behavior (social behavior)
... diverting resources to kin under conditions where the benefits to the helper exceeds the costs ...
... diverting resources to kin under conditions where the benefits to the helper exceeds the costs ...
VIDEO SUMMARIES: GENETIC VARIATION
... • Monohybrid%inheritance%is%the%inheritance%of%a%single%gene% • These%come%in%different%forms:% • Co
... • Monohybrid%inheritance%is%the%inheritance%of%a%single%gene% • These%come%in%different%forms:% • Co
View PDF
... Note: Natural selection acts on phenotypes NOT genotypes. Therefore whole organism acted on by Natural selection. For relative fitness of a specific allele, take into account: a) complete genetic context b) complete environmental context allele is expressed in. Alleles that do no harm/benefit may be ...
... Note: Natural selection acts on phenotypes NOT genotypes. Therefore whole organism acted on by Natural selection. For relative fitness of a specific allele, take into account: a) complete genetic context b) complete environmental context allele is expressed in. Alleles that do no harm/benefit may be ...
Dispersal – can be an important process in accounting for
... Dispersal – can be an important process in accounting for distribution of a species. Particularly in explaining why some organisms have a limited distribution while others occur over a wide distribution. Definition: spreading of individuals away from one another. All organisms disperse, if not as ad ...
... Dispersal – can be an important process in accounting for distribution of a species. Particularly in explaining why some organisms have a limited distribution while others occur over a wide distribution. Definition: spreading of individuals away from one another. All organisms disperse, if not as ad ...
RR - PDST
... genes in common • Some recessive genes cause genetic diseases, or adversely affect reproduction, survival or fitness of animals • Only cause problems in animals that carry two copies of the gene - homozygous recessive animals ...
... genes in common • Some recessive genes cause genetic diseases, or adversely affect reproduction, survival or fitness of animals • Only cause problems in animals that carry two copies of the gene - homozygous recessive animals ...
Assessment Schedule 2010 AS 90459 (Biology 2.3) Describe
... inbreeding occurring by chance so that the degree of relatedness between all members of the population is high. This increases the chances of harmful recessive alleles coming together in any individual so reducing its fitness. ...
... inbreeding occurring by chance so that the degree of relatedness between all members of the population is high. This increases the chances of harmful recessive alleles coming together in any individual so reducing its fitness. ...
Human pedigrees
... A recessive trait will only manifest itself when homozygous. If it is a severe condition it will be unlikely that homozygotes will live to reproduce and thus most occurences of the condition will be in matings between two heterozygotes (or carriers). An autosomal recessive condition may be transmitt ...
... A recessive trait will only manifest itself when homozygous. If it is a severe condition it will be unlikely that homozygotes will live to reproduce and thus most occurences of the condition will be in matings between two heterozygotes (or carriers). An autosomal recessive condition may be transmitt ...
7th Evolution Population Genetics.key
... • 1. Random mating & all members of a population have equal opportunity to mate • 2. Large population – Genetic drift has less of an affect on big groups • 3. No net movement in or out of a population – Migration & Emigration bring alleles to and from a population ...
... • 1. Random mating & all members of a population have equal opportunity to mate • 2. Large population – Genetic drift has less of an affect on big groups • 3. No net movement in or out of a population – Migration & Emigration bring alleles to and from a population ...
Chapter 16
... • Sexual selection refers to adaptive changes in males and females that lead to an increased ability to secure a mate • -In males, this may result in an increased ability to compete with other males for a mate • -Females may select a mate with the best fitness (ability to produce surviving offspring ...
... • Sexual selection refers to adaptive changes in males and females that lead to an increased ability to secure a mate • -In males, this may result in an increased ability to compete with other males for a mate • -Females may select a mate with the best fitness (ability to produce surviving offspring ...
Anti-predator behavior
... o Mate guarding o Copulatory plugs o Anti-aphrodisiacs o Advantages of first and second males o Cryptic female choice Intersexual selection - Material benefits - Nuptial gift - Spermatophore - Good parent theory - Healthy mate theory - Good genes theory - Runaway selection theory ‘sexy sons’ Mating ...
... o Mate guarding o Copulatory plugs o Anti-aphrodisiacs o Advantages of first and second males o Cryptic female choice Intersexual selection - Material benefits - Nuptial gift - Spermatophore - Good parent theory - Healthy mate theory - Good genes theory - Runaway selection theory ‘sexy sons’ Mating ...
Lecture 6: Units of Selection cont`d
... • Greater fitness by helping rather than founding a new colony. • Unmated workers lay haploid eggs in many species. ...
... • Greater fitness by helping rather than founding a new colony. • Unmated workers lay haploid eggs in many species. ...
Student notes for selection lecture
... Genetic material of organisms consists of many alleles (variations) of many genes that code for various traits. Smallest unit at which evolution occurs. Draw a picture of the bell curve in the box below: What does the bell curve illustrate? (within a population individuals vary with certain obse ...
... Genetic material of organisms consists of many alleles (variations) of many genes that code for various traits. Smallest unit at which evolution occurs. Draw a picture of the bell curve in the box below: What does the bell curve illustrate? (within a population individuals vary with certain obse ...
1091-L4(ConsGen3a)
... Q. Does inbreeding and the loss of genetic variation observed in small populations reduce their ability to adapt? Answering this Q requires a DETOUR into the genetics of quantitative ...
... Q. Does inbreeding and the loss of genetic variation observed in small populations reduce their ability to adapt? Answering this Q requires a DETOUR into the genetics of quantitative ...
Document
... • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) • DNA fingerprints (singlelocus, microsatellites) • Acceptance of allogenic skin grafts from unrelated individuals ...
... • Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) • DNA fingerprints (singlelocus, microsatellites) • Acceptance of allogenic skin grafts from unrelated individuals ...
Evolution - Canyon ISD
... Natural selection -acts on phenotypes not individuals. Evolution acts on populations not individuals. ...
... Natural selection -acts on phenotypes not individuals. Evolution acts on populations not individuals. ...
Inbreeding avoidance
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding. The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis posits that certain mechanisms develop within a species, or within a given population of a species, as a result of natural and sexual selection in order to prevent breeding among related individuals in that species or population. Although inbreeding may impose certain evolutionary costs, inbreeding avoidance, which limits the number of potential mates for a given individual, can inflict opportunity costs. Therefore, a balance exists between inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance. This balance determines whether inbreeding mechanisms develop and the specific nature of said mechanisms.Inbreeding results in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the appearance of disadvantageous traits via the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair’s progeny. When two related individuals mate, the probability of deleterious recessive alleles pairing in the resulting offspring is higher as compared to when non-related individuals mate. The second mechanism relates to the increased fitness of heterozygotes. Many studies have demonstrated that homozygous individuals are often disadvantaged with respect to heterozygous individuals. For example, a study conducted on a population of South African cheetahs demonstrated that the lack of genetic variability among individuals in the population has resulted in negative consequences for individuals, such as a greater rate of juvenile mortality and spermatozoal abnormalities. When heterozygotes possess a fitness advantage relative to a homozygote, a population with a large number of homozygotes will have a relatively reduced fitness, thus leading to inbreeding depression. Through these described mechanisms, the effects of inbreeding depression are often severe enough to cause the evolution of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.