Community of Reason October 7, 2012
... Br – C > 0 Thus, an "altruistic" behavior is more likely to evolve when: - benefits to the recipient are ______ - the participants are closely _______ - the cost to the actor is ___ ...
... Br – C > 0 Thus, an "altruistic" behavior is more likely to evolve when: - benefits to the recipient are ______ - the participants are closely _______ - the cost to the actor is ___ ...
Animal Behavior - Woodstown-Pilesgrove Regional School
... involves an association between two events ...
... involves an association between two events ...
Mendelian Genetics
... • In fruit flies and humans traits carried on the X chromosome are said to be sex-linked. • A recessive gene on the X chromosome will always be expressed in the male, since there is a single X present. • A female with the recessive gene on one of her two X chromosomes will be able to pass the trait ...
... • In fruit flies and humans traits carried on the X chromosome are said to be sex-linked. • A recessive gene on the X chromosome will always be expressed in the male, since there is a single X present. • A female with the recessive gene on one of her two X chromosomes will be able to pass the trait ...
CHAPTER 24 LECTURE SLIDES Prepared by Brenda Leady
... to other members of the population Individuals with beneficial alleles are more likely to survive and contribute their alleles to the gene pool of the next generation Over the course of many generations, allele frequencies of many different genes may change through natural selection, thereby signifi ...
... to other members of the population Individuals with beneficial alleles are more likely to survive and contribute their alleles to the gene pool of the next generation Over the course of many generations, allele frequencies of many different genes may change through natural selection, thereby signifi ...
Variation One of Darwin`s biggest observations was that individuals
... One of Darwin’s biggest observations was that individuals in a population are varied. This means that they are unique and have different physical and behavioral characteristics that make them different from each other. Variation: the differences among parents and offspring in a population Adaptation ...
... One of Darwin’s biggest observations was that individuals in a population are varied. This means that they are unique and have different physical and behavioral characteristics that make them different from each other. Variation: the differences among parents and offspring in a population Adaptation ...
3. Genetic Drift
... The only mutations that matter to largescale evolution are those that can be passed on to offspring. These occur in reproductive cells like eggs and sperm and are called germ line mutations. A single germ line mutation can have a range of effects: No change occurs in phenotype. ...
... The only mutations that matter to largescale evolution are those that can be passed on to offspring. These occur in reproductive cells like eggs and sperm and are called germ line mutations. A single germ line mutation can have a range of effects: No change occurs in phenotype. ...
PPT
... fitness by helping, even if your own direct fitness suffers. Natural selection favors these genes, and is known as indirect or kin selection. ...
... fitness by helping, even if your own direct fitness suffers. Natural selection favors these genes, and is known as indirect or kin selection. ...
Variation in Plants
... The species name has two parts. The generic or genus name and the specific epithet. This system goes back to Linnaeus. Every plant has only one correct name. The names are Latin and should be underlined or italicized when written. Problems with common names. Genus is a collection of related species. ...
... The species name has two parts. The generic or genus name and the specific epithet. This system goes back to Linnaeus. Every plant has only one correct name. The names are Latin and should be underlined or italicized when written. Problems with common names. Genus is a collection of related species. ...
L21MicroMacro
... All natural populations, except abnormally small ones, possess a lot of non-neutral genetic variation. Of course, not all of this variation may be used for adaptive evolution. Traits that are closely related to fitness (viability, fecundity, mating success, longevity) have highest evolvabilities (Ge ...
... All natural populations, except abnormally small ones, possess a lot of non-neutral genetic variation. Of course, not all of this variation may be used for adaptive evolution. Traits that are closely related to fitness (viability, fecundity, mating success, longevity) have highest evolvabilities (Ge ...
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... physiological aspects of reproduction as they relate to equine reproduction including basic inheritance, selection techniques, mating systems, heterosis, and performance evaluation. 2. Describe reproductive aspects to include endocrinology, estrous cycles, mating behaviors, gametogenesis, conception ...
... physiological aspects of reproduction as they relate to equine reproduction including basic inheritance, selection techniques, mating systems, heterosis, and performance evaluation. 2. Describe reproductive aspects to include endocrinology, estrous cycles, mating behaviors, gametogenesis, conception ...
Lecture 6 - Processes of evolution (microevolution)
... Directional selection tends to reduce genetic diversity within populations, but only if - selection pressure is constant (environmental change, not just yearly variation) - no strong counterbalancing selection pressures ...
... Directional selection tends to reduce genetic diversity within populations, but only if - selection pressure is constant (environmental change, not just yearly variation) - no strong counterbalancing selection pressures ...
Unit 6 Practice Test
... c. It is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence d. It can be considered dogma In the context of populations, how do we define evolution? a. Evolution is a change in a population’s allelic frequencies over generations b. Evolution is the tendency for some ...
... c. It is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence d. It can be considered dogma In the context of populations, how do we define evolution? a. Evolution is a change in a population’s allelic frequencies over generations b. Evolution is the tendency for some ...
Controlling Growth
... The inheritance is complex because if both the parents have the same eye color the child is likely to get the same colored eyes but if the recessive gene of both parents is also the same then the child can even get the color of the recessive gene of both parents but if the recessive gene of both par ...
... The inheritance is complex because if both the parents have the same eye color the child is likely to get the same colored eyes but if the recessive gene of both parents is also the same then the child can even get the color of the recessive gene of both parents but if the recessive gene of both par ...
Chapter 4 Extensions of Mendelism
... The effects of inbreeding are proportional to the inbreeding coefficient, which is the probability that two gene copies in an individual are identical by descent from a common ancestor. The coefficient of relationship is the fraction of genes that two individuals share by virtue of ...
... The effects of inbreeding are proportional to the inbreeding coefficient, which is the probability that two gene copies in an individual are identical by descent from a common ancestor. The coefficient of relationship is the fraction of genes that two individuals share by virtue of ...
Genetic Defects in Beef Cattle
... Will see all genotypes in the population (AA, AB, and BB) Animals may have reduced performance or other deleterious effects, but are functional organisms ...
... Will see all genotypes in the population (AA, AB, and BB) Animals may have reduced performance or other deleterious effects, but are functional organisms ...
3. Identification of species, sex and individuals
... to more and more exaggerated ornamentation – Females may mate with a second male in search for better genes that the social mate has – All the broods may not have several fathers, because the first one was already good – Blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) males, which had offspring of another male in th ...
... to more and more exaggerated ornamentation – Females may mate with a second male in search for better genes that the social mate has – All the broods may not have several fathers, because the first one was already good – Blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) males, which had offspring of another male in th ...
A pedigree is a chart that shows how a trait and the genes that
... • Parents and offspring often share observable traits. • Grandparents and grandchildren may share traits not seen in parents. • Why do traits disappear in one generation and reappear in ...
... • Parents and offspring often share observable traits. • Grandparents and grandchildren may share traits not seen in parents. • Why do traits disappear in one generation and reappear in ...
genetic epidemiology
... in connection with the physical examinations. At the time of the field survey, following a procedure of informed consent, 5 ml of blood sample by venipuncture were taken from individuals. In the field, HB, Ht and serum protein concentrations are determined. After a day's work in the field, red-cell ...
... in connection with the physical examinations. At the time of the field survey, following a procedure of informed consent, 5 ml of blood sample by venipuncture were taken from individuals. In the field, HB, Ht and serum protein concentrations are determined. After a day's work in the field, red-cell ...
Conservation Genetics
... In the short term loss of genetic diversity leads to increased homozygosity, i.e. a greater probability of identical alleles across loci. Loss of genetic diversity also elevates the risk of inbreeding, i.e. matings in which parents are related due to common descent. The consequence is Inbreeding De ...
... In the short term loss of genetic diversity leads to increased homozygosity, i.e. a greater probability of identical alleles across loci. Loss of genetic diversity also elevates the risk of inbreeding, i.e. matings in which parents are related due to common descent. The consequence is Inbreeding De ...
Microevolution and Macroevolution
... Phenotypes are usually due to interactions of genotypes and the environment Most polygenic phenotypes show a normal distribution – most of the population is in the middle, with fewer at either extreme Natural selection can only ‘work’ if there is preexisting variation within the population ...
... Phenotypes are usually due to interactions of genotypes and the environment Most polygenic phenotypes show a normal distribution – most of the population is in the middle, with fewer at either extreme Natural selection can only ‘work’ if there is preexisting variation within the population ...
11.3 Other Mechanisms of Evolution
... – less likely to have some individuals that can adapt to a changing environment due to loss of genetic variation – harmful alleles can become more common due to chance Example of Genetic Drift Cheetahs exhibit much lower levels of variation than other mammals. In most species, related individuals sh ...
... – less likely to have some individuals that can adapt to a changing environment due to loss of genetic variation – harmful alleles can become more common due to chance Example of Genetic Drift Cheetahs exhibit much lower levels of variation than other mammals. In most species, related individuals sh ...
4th Exam is Thursday, December 9
... Any difference in survival or ability to reproduce is called natural selection. Natural selection is the strongest force that alters allele frequencies and is one of the most important factors inducing genetic changes. ...
... Any difference in survival or ability to reproduce is called natural selection. Natural selection is the strongest force that alters allele frequencies and is one of the most important factors inducing genetic changes. ...
Hybrid Cultivar
... A third explanation of heterosis • An alternative theory was proposed by Milborrow (1998). • He suggested that growth of a plant may be limited by the genes that regulate certain metabolic pathways down to lower levels than the maximum possible. • Heterozygote may partially escape this regulation b ...
... A third explanation of heterosis • An alternative theory was proposed by Milborrow (1998). • He suggested that growth of a plant may be limited by the genes that regulate certain metabolic pathways down to lower levels than the maximum possible. • Heterozygote may partially escape this regulation b ...
Inbreeding avoidance
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding. The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis posits that certain mechanisms develop within a species, or within a given population of a species, as a result of natural and sexual selection in order to prevent breeding among related individuals in that species or population. Although inbreeding may impose certain evolutionary costs, inbreeding avoidance, which limits the number of potential mates for a given individual, can inflict opportunity costs. Therefore, a balance exists between inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance. This balance determines whether inbreeding mechanisms develop and the specific nature of said mechanisms.Inbreeding results in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the appearance of disadvantageous traits via the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair’s progeny. When two related individuals mate, the probability of deleterious recessive alleles pairing in the resulting offspring is higher as compared to when non-related individuals mate. The second mechanism relates to the increased fitness of heterozygotes. Many studies have demonstrated that homozygous individuals are often disadvantaged with respect to heterozygous individuals. For example, a study conducted on a population of South African cheetahs demonstrated that the lack of genetic variability among individuals in the population has resulted in negative consequences for individuals, such as a greater rate of juvenile mortality and spermatozoal abnormalities. When heterozygotes possess a fitness advantage relative to a homozygote, a population with a large number of homozygotes will have a relatively reduced fitness, thus leading to inbreeding depression. Through these described mechanisms, the effects of inbreeding depression are often severe enough to cause the evolution of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.