Evolution of Populations
... Individuals with most viable, fittest offspring pass on the most genes Survival doesn’t guarantee reproductive success ...
... Individuals with most viable, fittest offspring pass on the most genes Survival doesn’t guarantee reproductive success ...
Natural Selection Lab Questions
... 2. Compare your results with those of other students in the class. Did all groups eliminate the recessive lethal allele? Did any of the groups in class eliminate the recessive lethal allele? 3. How were the white (lethal) alleles able to remain in the population without being completely removed (fro ...
... 2. Compare your results with those of other students in the class. Did all groups eliminate the recessive lethal allele? Did any of the groups in class eliminate the recessive lethal allele? 3. How were the white (lethal) alleles able to remain in the population without being completely removed (fro ...
Population Genetics
... or fecundity of individuals with certain arrays of phenotypes as compared to individuals with alternative phenotypes. • Migration: The movement of alleles from one population to another, typically by the movement of individuals or via long-range dispersal of gametes. • Genetic Drift: Change in the f ...
... or fecundity of individuals with certain arrays of phenotypes as compared to individuals with alternative phenotypes. • Migration: The movement of alleles from one population to another, typically by the movement of individuals or via long-range dispersal of gametes. • Genetic Drift: Change in the f ...
Population Genetics
... or fecundity of individuals with certain arrays of phenotypes as compared to individuals with alternative phenotypes. • Migration: The movement of alleles from one population to another, typically by the movement of individuals or via long-range dispersal of gametes. • Genetic Drift: Change in the f ...
... or fecundity of individuals with certain arrays of phenotypes as compared to individuals with alternative phenotypes. • Migration: The movement of alleles from one population to another, typically by the movement of individuals or via long-range dispersal of gametes. • Genetic Drift: Change in the f ...
3-15-07
... Look through your notes preparing for the test. Begin to think about questions to ask me. ...
... Look through your notes preparing for the test. Begin to think about questions to ask me. ...
Fundamental Concepts in Sociobiology
... pointing to the fact that close relatives share large numbers of genes in common. The theory predicts therefore that you would more likely try to pull a full sibling from a hungry polar bear than a second cousin or mother-in-law. ...
... pointing to the fact that close relatives share large numbers of genes in common. The theory predicts therefore that you would more likely try to pull a full sibling from a hungry polar bear than a second cousin or mother-in-law. ...
11ps2
... its life for 2+ full siblings, 2+ offspring, 4+ grandchildren, 8+ cousins, etc. However, things are usually more complicated than that: what if the reproductive value of the relative to which nepotism is directed is very low or very high? Maybe the reproductive value of the actor is very low or very ...
... its life for 2+ full siblings, 2+ offspring, 4+ grandchildren, 8+ cousins, etc. However, things are usually more complicated than that: what if the reproductive value of the relative to which nepotism is directed is very low or very high? Maybe the reproductive value of the actor is very low or very ...
DOC
... Pure line selection is a random selection of large number of single plants from original populations that are genetically diverse. Note that selection here is based on individual plants. It is the selected individual plants that becomes new varieties after given consideration to particular character ...
... Pure line selection is a random selection of large number of single plants from original populations that are genetically diverse. Note that selection here is based on individual plants. It is the selected individual plants that becomes new varieties after given consideration to particular character ...
Population genetics
... at the end of the 19th century. Their population has since rebounded to over 30,000—but their genes still carry the marks of this bottleneck: they have much less genetic variation than a population of southern elephant seals that was not so intensely hunted. ...
... at the end of the 19th century. Their population has since rebounded to over 30,000—but their genes still carry the marks of this bottleneck: they have much less genetic variation than a population of southern elephant seals that was not so intensely hunted. ...
MATE CHOICE FOR OPTIMAL (K)INBREEDING
... homozygosity of offspring. The stable level of inbreeding that maximizes inclusive fitness, and is expected to evolve by natural selection, is shown to be less than previous theory suggests. For wide range of realistic inbreeding depression strengths, mating with intermediately related individuals m ...
... homozygosity of offspring. The stable level of inbreeding that maximizes inclusive fitness, and is expected to evolve by natural selection, is shown to be less than previous theory suggests. For wide range of realistic inbreeding depression strengths, mating with intermediately related individuals m ...
Ch. 10.5 Sex-Linked Traits
... Human X-linked recessive traits. • Hemophilia- bleeding disorder • Red-green color blindness. – more males with the disorder compared to females. – Females can be carriers- have one recessive allele- do not have the disorder, but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring. – Mothers pass trait o ...
... Human X-linked recessive traits. • Hemophilia- bleeding disorder • Red-green color blindness. – more males with the disorder compared to females. – Females can be carriers- have one recessive allele- do not have the disorder, but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring. – Mothers pass trait o ...
Objectives 9 - U
... Population genetics – the study of the distribution of genes in a population and of how the frequencies of genes and genotypes are maintained or changed. Epidemiology – the study of the interrelationships of genetic and environmental factors that determine the frequency and distribution of diseases ...
... Population genetics – the study of the distribution of genes in a population and of how the frequencies of genes and genotypes are maintained or changed. Epidemiology – the study of the interrelationships of genetic and environmental factors that determine the frequency and distribution of diseases ...
Evolutionary Mechanisms
... & often reversible, so only very small effect by itself (but produces variation that other factors can work on) ...
... & often reversible, so only very small effect by itself (but produces variation that other factors can work on) ...
Chapter 12 and 13 Mates and Breeding Systems 2014.pptx
... ritualization - N. Tinbergen, K. Lorenz • Displays are used to: – Identify individuals – Signal intent to attack, escape, or remain neutral – Communicate desire to play, mate, defend territory, feed, etc. ...
... ritualization - N. Tinbergen, K. Lorenz • Displays are used to: – Identify individuals – Signal intent to attack, escape, or remain neutral – Communicate desire to play, mate, defend territory, feed, etc. ...
Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium - Fort Thomas Independent Schools
... Leads to no variation & possible extinction ...
... Leads to no variation & possible extinction ...
Pedigree Analysis and How Breeding Decisions Affect Genes
... genes have a better chance of pairing back up in the resultant offspring. Genes from common ancestors have a greater chance of expression when paired with each other than when paired with genes from other individuals, which may mask or alter their effects. Linebreeding on an individual may not repro ...
... genes have a better chance of pairing back up in the resultant offspring. Genes from common ancestors have a greater chance of expression when paired with each other than when paired with genes from other individuals, which may mask or alter their effects. Linebreeding on an individual may not repro ...
Genetically Effective Population Size
... Independent by Descent or Allozygous -homozygous individuals not known to be autozygous. It is the production of autozygosity that gives rise to increase of homozygotes as a consequence of inbreeding. The inbreeding coefficient (F) is the probability that two genes at a locus in an individual are i ...
... Independent by Descent or Allozygous -homozygous individuals not known to be autozygous. It is the production of autozygosity that gives rise to increase of homozygotes as a consequence of inbreeding. The inbreeding coefficient (F) is the probability that two genes at a locus in an individual are i ...
Lecture Series 9 Presentation Slides
... • Random mating - no mate choice, inbreeding – Large population size (reduces inbreeding) ...
... • Random mating - no mate choice, inbreeding – Large population size (reduces inbreeding) ...
A theory of mate choice based on heterozygosity
... concerned with avoidance of inbreeding. In a variety of species, females prefer males that are not too closely related (e.g., Ptwmyscus leucopxis, Keane, 1990; and the literature on optimal in- and outbreeding reviewed by Shields, 1993; Templeton,1986). Although the advantage to parents of avoiding ...
... concerned with avoidance of inbreeding. In a variety of species, females prefer males that are not too closely related (e.g., Ptwmyscus leucopxis, Keane, 1990; and the literature on optimal in- and outbreeding reviewed by Shields, 1993; Templeton,1986). Although the advantage to parents of avoiding ...
Basic Forensic Genetics
... chosen at random from the population would be expected to possess the same DNA genotype as that found in the semen or z The DNA results are 5 trillion times more likely if the semen originated from the suspect than if it had originated from a randomly chosen unrelated individual from the popu ...
... chosen at random from the population would be expected to possess the same DNA genotype as that found in the semen or z The DNA results are 5 trillion times more likely if the semen originated from the suspect than if it had originated from a randomly chosen unrelated individual from the popu ...
Review of Pedigree Programmes with Analysis
... We will introduce you in five software programmes which may help you in a useful way to manage your population. The presented programmes are focusing on different target groups and have different goals of interest. Because of the complexity of the software we will give you some details for orientati ...
... We will introduce you in five software programmes which may help you in a useful way to manage your population. The presented programmes are focusing on different target groups and have different goals of interest. Because of the complexity of the software we will give you some details for orientati ...
Species
... Typically occurs when younger males move out, individuals migrate, natural disasters hit • Plants routinely disperse their seeds/ spores ...
... Typically occurs when younger males move out, individuals migrate, natural disasters hit • Plants routinely disperse their seeds/ spores ...
Unit 1.5 Name: Section Title: Speciation and Population Genetics
... individuals become very ill from the parasite and many die. Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell trait (ss) have red blood cells that readily collapse when deoxygenated. Although malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individ ...
... individuals become very ill from the parasite and many die. Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell trait (ss) have red blood cells that readily collapse when deoxygenated. Although malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individ ...
Inbreeding avoidance
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding. The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis posits that certain mechanisms develop within a species, or within a given population of a species, as a result of natural and sexual selection in order to prevent breeding among related individuals in that species or population. Although inbreeding may impose certain evolutionary costs, inbreeding avoidance, which limits the number of potential mates for a given individual, can inflict opportunity costs. Therefore, a balance exists between inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance. This balance determines whether inbreeding mechanisms develop and the specific nature of said mechanisms.Inbreeding results in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the appearance of disadvantageous traits via the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair’s progeny. When two related individuals mate, the probability of deleterious recessive alleles pairing in the resulting offspring is higher as compared to when non-related individuals mate. The second mechanism relates to the increased fitness of heterozygotes. Many studies have demonstrated that homozygous individuals are often disadvantaged with respect to heterozygous individuals. For example, a study conducted on a population of South African cheetahs demonstrated that the lack of genetic variability among individuals in the population has resulted in negative consequences for individuals, such as a greater rate of juvenile mortality and spermatozoal abnormalities. When heterozygotes possess a fitness advantage relative to a homozygote, a population with a large number of homozygotes will have a relatively reduced fitness, thus leading to inbreeding depression. Through these described mechanisms, the effects of inbreeding depression are often severe enough to cause the evolution of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.