univERsity oF copEnhAGEn
... Specific examples of application are natural or artificial regeneration, seed production, seed transfer, gene conservation, tree improvement, and tree breeding. Among the multiple disciplines of modern genetics, population genetics and quantitative genetics are considered the more important areas fo ...
... Specific examples of application are natural or artificial regeneration, seed production, seed transfer, gene conservation, tree improvement, and tree breeding. Among the multiple disciplines of modern genetics, population genetics and quantitative genetics are considered the more important areas fo ...
univERsity oF copEnhAGEn
... Specific examples of application are natural or artificial regeneration, seed production, seed transfer, gene conservation, tree improvement, and tree breeding. Among the multiple disciplines of modern genetics, population genetics and quantitative genetics are considered the more important areas fo ...
... Specific examples of application are natural or artificial regeneration, seed production, seed transfer, gene conservation, tree improvement, and tree breeding. Among the multiple disciplines of modern genetics, population genetics and quantitative genetics are considered the more important areas fo ...
Warm-Up 5/2 and 5/3
... trait • What about polygenic traits, where individuals have more than two genes for a trait? ...
... trait • What about polygenic traits, where individuals have more than two genes for a trait? ...
Case05 Sex linked hemophilia
... 2. Which individuals represent the idea that the trait is not passed from father to son? Henry doesn’t pass it to Richard ...
... 2. Which individuals represent the idea that the trait is not passed from father to son? Henry doesn’t pass it to Richard ...
Slide 1
... are affected by the evolution of constituent populations. Such evolution can easily produce unexpected results. An ecosystem consisting of just two species, a prey and a predator, can exist either in an equilibrium state (if the predator is inefficient) or in a state of stable oscillations (if the p ...
... are affected by the evolution of constituent populations. Such evolution can easily produce unexpected results. An ecosystem consisting of just two species, a prey and a predator, can exist either in an equilibrium state (if the predator is inefficient) or in a state of stable oscillations (if the p ...
LIFE HISTORY EVOLUTION: Why do we get old and die?
... • If selection can produce longer life spans, why don’t organisms evolve them? • Hypothesis 2: Accumulation of deleterious mutations ...
... • If selection can produce longer life spans, why don’t organisms evolve them? • Hypothesis 2: Accumulation of deleterious mutations ...
Lecture Six: Causes of Evolution
... # INBREEDING occurs when matings occur between related individuals significantly more often than they occur between unrelated individuals chosen at random from within the population. (This is a form of positive assortative mating) # OUTBREEDING is the opposite: individuals mate with non-relatives mo ...
... # INBREEDING occurs when matings occur between related individuals significantly more often than they occur between unrelated individuals chosen at random from within the population. (This is a form of positive assortative mating) # OUTBREEDING is the opposite: individuals mate with non-relatives mo ...
Ch. 16 The Evolution of Populations and Speciation
... variation of a trait are more fit than individuals w/ the average form of the trait. D. Sexual Selection- females choosing male mates based upon certain traits. – Genes of successful reproducers not of those that merely survive are amplified through natural selection. ...
... variation of a trait are more fit than individuals w/ the average form of the trait. D. Sexual Selection- females choosing male mates based upon certain traits. – Genes of successful reproducers not of those that merely survive are amplified through natural selection. ...
Genetics in conservation biology
... • Leads to increased homozygosity i.e. a greater probability of identical alleles across loci Consequences include inbreeding depression: low survival and reproduction. In worst case scenario, we get an accumulation of deleterious mutations in the homozygous state resulting in mutational meltdown an ...
... • Leads to increased homozygosity i.e. a greater probability of identical alleles across loci Consequences include inbreeding depression: low survival and reproduction. In worst case scenario, we get an accumulation of deleterious mutations in the homozygous state resulting in mutational meltdown an ...
Evolution of Populations
... Evolution of Populations EQ: How does natural selection affect populations? ...
... Evolution of Populations EQ: How does natural selection affect populations? ...
sex-linked genes
... Characteristics of sex-linked traits: 1. The sex-linked recessive phenotype will occur more frequently in males because they cannot hide it a second, dominant allele. 2. Females have two copies of these genes, so if one copy is the recessive allele, they may still have the dominant phenotype. 3. Het ...
... Characteristics of sex-linked traits: 1. The sex-linked recessive phenotype will occur more frequently in males because they cannot hide it a second, dominant allele. 2. Females have two copies of these genes, so if one copy is the recessive allele, they may still have the dominant phenotype. 3. Het ...
Genetics Practice Problems - Part 2 - Parkway C-2
... (Guincest?), what offspring would you expect? 3. Two black female mice are crossed with same brown male. In a number of litters female X produced 9 blacks and 7 browns and female Y produced 14 blacks. a. What is the mechanism of inheritance of black and brown coat color in mice? b. What are the geno ...
... (Guincest?), what offspring would you expect? 3. Two black female mice are crossed with same brown male. In a number of litters female X produced 9 blacks and 7 browns and female Y produced 14 blacks. a. What is the mechanism of inheritance of black and brown coat color in mice? b. What are the geno ...
Problems of Kinship
... are equally likely to alarm call Why should an individual warn others when doing so makes it MORE vulnerable to predation? The behavior does not increase the fitness of the actor. How could it be maintained in the population? Males disperse at sexual maturity (about 2 years of age), but females rema ...
... are equally likely to alarm call Why should an individual warn others when doing so makes it MORE vulnerable to predation? The behavior does not increase the fitness of the actor. How could it be maintained in the population? Males disperse at sexual maturity (about 2 years of age), but females rema ...
Fitness of Zoo Animals
... Forces which may cause extinction 1) deterministic - something essential is removed (habitat loss) or something lethal is added (pollutant, disease, introduced species) - presumably we can act to ...
... Forces which may cause extinction 1) deterministic - something essential is removed (habitat loss) or something lethal is added (pollutant, disease, introduced species) - presumably we can act to ...
Population Genetics
... 1. Genetic Drift: This represents random changes in small gene pools due to sampling errors in propagation of alleles. The bottleneck effect and founder effect are prime examples of genetic drift. In either case the number of individuals in a population is drastically reduced distorting the original ...
... 1. Genetic Drift: This represents random changes in small gene pools due to sampling errors in propagation of alleles. The bottleneck effect and founder effect are prime examples of genetic drift. In either case the number of individuals in a population is drastically reduced distorting the original ...
O`Brien et al. 1983. The cheetah is depauperate in genetic variation
... - highly vulnerable to disease outbreaks (50% mortality in one captive population) Merola, 1994. A reassessment of homozygosity …. - carnivores tend to show low levels of genetic variation (several have lower levels of H and P than cheetah) - measures of fluctuating asymmetry indicate cheetah is not ...
... - highly vulnerable to disease outbreaks (50% mortality in one captive population) Merola, 1994. A reassessment of homozygosity …. - carnivores tend to show low levels of genetic variation (several have lower levels of H and P than cheetah) - measures of fluctuating asymmetry indicate cheetah is not ...
Basics of Evolutionary Theory
... Level of selection: the level at which genes are functionally organized to enhance their ability to replicate and survive from one generation to the next. Usually, the individual is the strongest level of selection because at that level genes are forced to cooperate for survival and reproduction of ...
... Level of selection: the level at which genes are functionally organized to enhance their ability to replicate and survive from one generation to the next. Usually, the individual is the strongest level of selection because at that level genes are forced to cooperate for survival and reproduction of ...
Chapter 12
... If one of the affected females in the third generation married an unaffected male, could she produce unaffected offspring? If so, what are the chances of having unaffected offspring? (Figure 12.8) Answer: Each of the affected females in the study had one unaffected parent, which means that each is h ...
... If one of the affected females in the third generation married an unaffected male, could she produce unaffected offspring? If so, what are the chances of having unaffected offspring? (Figure 12.8) Answer: Each of the affected females in the study had one unaffected parent, which means that each is h ...
Exam practice answers 8
... (b) Gametes are sex cells produced for sexual reproduction. During fertilisation, two gametes fuse and restore the diploid number of chromosomes (2n). 4 (a) When a selective force places pressure on the species and the frequency of alleles changes as a result. This changes the phenotype, making the ...
... (b) Gametes are sex cells produced for sexual reproduction. During fertilisation, two gametes fuse and restore the diploid number of chromosomes (2n). 4 (a) When a selective force places pressure on the species and the frequency of alleles changes as a result. This changes the phenotype, making the ...
mechanisms of evolution: genetic variation
... • Not all species show obvious sexual dimorphism • In some species of penguin, males & females look the same and they have a hard time telling each other apart • A male picks up a stone & drops it at the feet of a would-be-mate. If the other penguin is a male, the offering is rejected ...
... • Not all species show obvious sexual dimorphism • In some species of penguin, males & females look the same and they have a hard time telling each other apart • A male picks up a stone & drops it at the feet of a would-be-mate. If the other penguin is a male, the offering is rejected ...
Introduction to Animal Genetics
... reproductive cells by the parent. Each gamete contains a single allele for each gene or ½ of the genetic code of the parent. ...
... reproductive cells by the parent. Each gamete contains a single allele for each gene or ½ of the genetic code of the parent. ...
mutation-selection balance.
... In “flat” snails individuals mate face to face and physical constraints mean only individuals whose shells coil in the same direction can mate successfully. ...
... In “flat” snails individuals mate face to face and physical constraints mean only individuals whose shells coil in the same direction can mate successfully. ...
Population Genetics - wlhs.wlwv.k12.or.us
... 1) Large population 2) No mutation 3) No gene flow (no immigration or emigration) 4) Random mating (no mating preference for particular phenotype) 5) No natural selection (all genotypes have an = chance of surviving & reproducing) ...
... 1) Large population 2) No mutation 3) No gene flow (no immigration or emigration) 4) Random mating (no mating preference for particular phenotype) 5) No natural selection (all genotypes have an = chance of surviving & reproducing) ...
Population Genetics - wlhs.wlwv.k12.or.us
... **So why study population genetics? Why use the H-W Theorem? 1) shows how genetics is related to evolution; 2) provides a benchmark genetic equilibrium against which change can be noted; 3) permits an estimation of gene frequencies; especially useful in estimating the number of carriers of lethal ...
... **So why study population genetics? Why use the H-W Theorem? 1) shows how genetics is related to evolution; 2) provides a benchmark genetic equilibrium against which change can be noted; 3) permits an estimation of gene frequencies; especially useful in estimating the number of carriers of lethal ...
Inbreeding avoidance
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding. The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis posits that certain mechanisms develop within a species, or within a given population of a species, as a result of natural and sexual selection in order to prevent breeding among related individuals in that species or population. Although inbreeding may impose certain evolutionary costs, inbreeding avoidance, which limits the number of potential mates for a given individual, can inflict opportunity costs. Therefore, a balance exists between inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance. This balance determines whether inbreeding mechanisms develop and the specific nature of said mechanisms.Inbreeding results in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the appearance of disadvantageous traits via the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair’s progeny. When two related individuals mate, the probability of deleterious recessive alleles pairing in the resulting offspring is higher as compared to when non-related individuals mate. The second mechanism relates to the increased fitness of heterozygotes. Many studies have demonstrated that homozygous individuals are often disadvantaged with respect to heterozygous individuals. For example, a study conducted on a population of South African cheetahs demonstrated that the lack of genetic variability among individuals in the population has resulted in negative consequences for individuals, such as a greater rate of juvenile mortality and spermatozoal abnormalities. When heterozygotes possess a fitness advantage relative to a homozygote, a population with a large number of homozygotes will have a relatively reduced fitness, thus leading to inbreeding depression. Through these described mechanisms, the effects of inbreeding depression are often severe enough to cause the evolution of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.