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Page 345
Page 345

... Diffraction and interferometry of particles, especially of electrons, have been firmly established for the past seventy years. As early as 1925, Elsasser [34] realized that in single crystals, nature provided us with almost perfectly aligned interferometers for matter waves. Experimental difficultie ...
full text pdf
full text pdf

... “tunes” the refractive index of the silk. This effect has previously been utilized to measure the principal refractive indices of these birefringent silks [9]. The analytical procedure presented in this paper is based on the key observation that, even with careful index matching, the silks cannot be ...
HS-SCI-CP -- Chapter 15- Interference and
HS-SCI-CP -- Chapter 15- Interference and

... two separate beams at the same time. If monochromatic light is used, the light from the two slits produces a series of bright and dark parallel bands, or fringes, on a distant viewing screen, as shown in Figure 4. When the light from the two slits arrives at a point on the viewing screen where const ...
Document
Document

... Width of central fringe is 450 times slit width. Find W if the distance to the screen is 18000W. ...
Mirrors and Reflection NOTES
Mirrors and Reflection NOTES

... 1. The focal length is negative (because the object and the focus are on opposite sides of the mirror) 2. The object and the focus are on opposite sides of the mirror (the focus is on the inside of the mirror and the object is on the outside) 3. Only virtual images are formed; all images are smaller ...
Concepts of optical signal processing and optical communications
Concepts of optical signal processing and optical communications

... Concepts of optical signal processing and optical communications Electronic components allowing to control electric currents with electric currents (or voltages) and integration of a large number of such elements on small silicon chips permitted the development of electronic circuits for analog and ...
Sample manuscript showing specifications and style
Sample manuscript showing specifications and style

... demonstrated for the first time May 2007 at the SID Conference and Exhibition8. This approach overcomes previous limitations. A holographic reconstruction of the wave field that would be generated by a real existing object is obtained at - but only at - the observers eye position, and nowhere else. ...
Document
Document

... through which the ray travels, and a less dense medium (air). There is no phase change on reflection from such an interface, just as there is no phase change when a wave on a string is reflected from a free end of the string. The second ray is reflected at an interface between an optically less dens ...
Aalborg Universitet
Aalborg Universitet

... well as to excite longitudinal plasmons. In our configuration, these effects imply that the reflectivity spectra for vanishingly small gap widths δ would still feature resonant oscillations somewhat similar to those obtained for non-zero gap widths δ, but with significantly damped oscillation amplit ...
Extending the Effective Ranging Depth of Spectral Domain Optical
Extending the Effective Ranging Depth of Spectral Domain Optical

... MEMS-Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) source-based [3] SSOCT system was developed for in vivo high-speed imaging of the eye with an unprecedented imaging depth of 50 mm in air and little sensitivity loss. The SDOCT system based on the orthogonal dispersion spectrometer [4] or the frequ ...
Measurement of the Number of Atoms in a Magneto
Measurement of the Number of Atoms in a Magneto

... is done to reduce the linewidth of the laser. In an external cavity laser, the beam exiting the laser diode hits a grating at an angle. The first order beam is reflected back into the laser diode while the zeroth order beam is used in the experiment. Thus, mainly the wavelength that is back-reflecte ...
Dispersion measurements with white-light interferometry
Dispersion measurements with white-light interferometry

... lasers abound. Indeed, if one is to define temporal coherence as the ability of an electric field to interfere with a delayed version of itself, then the light from a helium –neon laser is certainly more coherent than that coming from a light bulb. However, white light does still remain coherent ove ...
Time-domain optical data storage by use of Raman coherent population trapping
Time-domain optical data storage by use of Raman coherent population trapping

... domain optical data by use of Raman population trapping. Figure 2(c) shows the theoretical echo signal calculated by use of a numerical solution of the optical Bloch equations for input parameters that approximately correspond to experimental conditions. We emphasize that these echo signals are spre ...
Demonstration of a large-scale optical exceptional point structure Liang Feng, Xuefeng Zhu,
Demonstration of a large-scale optical exceptional point structure Liang Feng, Xuefeng Zhu,

... material losses are further designed intercorrelated with the index of refraction, unique optical functionalities can be expected. Judiciously designed photonic synthetic matters, which take advantage of optical losses by engineering the entire complex dielectric permittivity plane, may be investiga ...
Helicity-dependent three-dimensional optical trapping of chiral
Helicity-dependent three-dimensional optical trapping of chiral

... focused Gaussian beams19,20. Counterpropagating schemes with high order optical modes such as Laguerre Gaussian beams have also been proposed for trapping and manipulation of absorbing particles21,22. Here we consider both options by using circularly polarized light beams with identical helicity, po ...
Module P6.4 Optical instruments
Module P6.4 Optical instruments

... thick not thin, and the paraxial approximation breaks down if the aperture of the system is large. Objects cannot always be taken as lying on the optical axis and real lenses have dispersion, as the refractive index (and therefore the focal length) varies with wavelength. All these problems mean tha ...
Gauthier Abstracts - Department of Electronics
Gauthier Abstracts - Department of Electronics

... We provide a basis for automated single-cell sorting based on optical trapping and manipulation using human peripheral blood as a model system. A counterpropagating dual-beam optical-trapping configuration is shown theoretically and experimentally to be preferred due to a greater ability to manipula ...
Final Exam Review Slides
Final Exam Review Slides

... center is at a distance a from the center of the sphere. What is the electric field inside the ...
Polarization Optics Tutorial: Polarizers, Waveplates, Rotators, and
Polarization Optics Tutorial: Polarizers, Waveplates, Rotators, and

... propagation, known as the critical angle. When light encounters the surface from the high index side, 100% reflection for P and S is attained at the critical angle and above. This phenomenon is known as total internal reflection (TIR). While pure P or S polarization will remain P or S upon reflecti ...
(k) and Refractive Index
(k) and Refractive Index

... Both n and k are dependent on the wavelength. In most circumstances k > 0 (light is absorbed). In this paper we will show how the absorptance, refractive index, and film thickness of thin films can be calculated from the spectral data. ...
Generation of lattices of optical vortices
Generation of lattices of optical vortices

... induce periodic modulation of the refractive index of the medium and write effective phase gratings in it. The modulation is sufficient to force perpendicularly propagating probe laser beam to diffract14. This property could offer the interesting possibility of creating periodic structures in the re ...
Realization of optical carpets in the Talbot and
Realization of optical carpets in the Talbot and

... distance, which is now called the Talbot length LT (Figure 1). Interferometric self-imaging is also possible for spatially incoherent light if we add a second grating down stream from the first one. It now suffices that the wave is fairly monochromatic but not necessarily collimated or transversally ...
Direct observation of light focusing by single photoreceptor cell nuclei
Direct observation of light focusing by single photoreceptor cell nuclei

... ice for transport to the preparation room. Pig eyes were opened up to 15 min after the animal was killed and the retinas were excised up to one hour afterwards. The excised retinas, cut into 2mm × 2mm pieces were washed in PBS four times and incubated in 1ml PBS with papain enzyme (Roche Diagnostics ...
MEMS for micro optics: from fiber optic communication to display
MEMS for micro optics: from fiber optic communication to display

... For the first example of industrial application, we directed our technology to develop fiber optic variable optical attenuators (VOA) in collaboration with Santec Corp., Japan [5]. Figure 2 schematically shows the fiber optic network connecting the transmitters (left) and receivers (right). The ligh ...
PowerPoint 簡報
PowerPoint 簡報

... security of one optical system have become a critical issue.  The development of optical CDMA (OCDMA) technique is such attractive since it is possible that allows multiple users in a local area network (LAN) environment to access the same fiber channel asynchronously at all times.  Besides, CDMA ...
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Microscopy



Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of microscopy: optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy.Optical and electron microscopy involve the diffraction, reflection, or refraction of electromagnetic radiation/electron beams interacting with the specimen, and the collection of the scattered radiation or another signal in order to create an image. This process may be carried out by wide-field irradiation of the sample (for example standard light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) or by scanning of a fine beam over the sample (for example confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Scanning probe microscopy involves the interaction of a scanning probe with the surface of the object of interest. The development of microscopy revolutionized biology and remains an essential technique in the life and physical sciences.
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