Telescopes and spectrographs
... Achieving high magnification with a telescope requires a long focal length fo, but limits on the maximum possible value of fo are set by the need to make the whole instrument movable. It is clear from Figure 3 that the physical length of a Keplerian refracting telescope cannot be less than fo. Hence ...
... Achieving high magnification with a telescope requires a long focal length fo, but limits on the maximum possible value of fo are set by the need to make the whole instrument movable. It is clear from Figure 3 that the physical length of a Keplerian refracting telescope cannot be less than fo. Hence ...
Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging
... Frontispiece. Diatom exhibition mount, bright-field and dark-field microscopy. (This striking exhibition slide for the light microscope was prepared by Klaus Kemp, Somerset, England.) This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2001 by Wiley-Liss, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simulta ...
... Frontispiece. Diatom exhibition mount, bright-field and dark-field microscopy. (This striking exhibition slide for the light microscope was prepared by Klaus Kemp, Somerset, England.) This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2001 by Wiley-Liss, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simulta ...
The effects of longitudinal chromatic aberration and a shift in the
... Next we calculated the maximum and minimum radiance of the retinal image as a function of wavelength (k). To do this the amplitude of the modulation at each wavelength, DB, was added or subtracted from the mean radiance values B0(k) (Eq. (3) in Appendix A). This calculation produces two intensity sp ...
... Next we calculated the maximum and minimum radiance of the retinal image as a function of wavelength (k). To do this the amplitude of the modulation at each wavelength, DB, was added or subtracted from the mean radiance values B0(k) (Eq. (3) in Appendix A). This calculation produces two intensity sp ...
Single-plane multiple speckle pattern phase retrieval
... intensity variation of the diffraction pattern at a fixed detector plane. The results obtained for the test object used via phase retrieval in [19] highly correlated with those obtained using the more-established digital holographic microscopy. In [20], the phase diversity is embodied by varying the ...
... intensity variation of the diffraction pattern at a fixed detector plane. The results obtained for the test object used via phase retrieval in [19] highly correlated with those obtained using the more-established digital holographic microscopy. In [20], the phase diversity is embodied by varying the ...
Characterization of Encircled Flux Source For Multimode
... part of several new multimode fiber testing standards. It sets limits for the amount of optical power included within a specified radius of the fiber core. It is intended to create a more reproducible modal condition for multimode fiber testing. Since EF is new, testing sources for EF are not easily ...
... part of several new multimode fiber testing standards. It sets limits for the amount of optical power included within a specified radius of the fiber core. It is intended to create a more reproducible modal condition for multimode fiber testing. Since EF is new, testing sources for EF are not easily ...
Measurement considerations when specifying
... of a film elastic modulus term in the equation. The accuracy of this approximation starts to break down as film thickness and film stiffness increase. Freund and Suresh outline the limitations of the Stoney approximation in their book on the subject.7 Using their approach, we estimate that careful s ...
... of a film elastic modulus term in the equation. The accuracy of this approximation starts to break down as film thickness and film stiffness increase. Freund and Suresh outline the limitations of the Stoney approximation in their book on the subject.7 Using their approach, we estimate that careful s ...
Mid Infrared digital holography and Terahertz imaging
... by reducing the hologram aperture [47]. Real objects never act as ideal reflectors and thus, in practice, one can always think of being in a case, more or less marked, of scattering object; what changes is just the percentage of scattered radiation that ends up in the recording device. The object be ...
... by reducing the hologram aperture [47]. Real objects never act as ideal reflectors and thus, in practice, one can always think of being in a case, more or less marked, of scattering object; what changes is just the percentage of scattered radiation that ends up in the recording device. The object be ...
Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
... Instead, a spectrum is measured with a spectrometer in the detection arm of the interferometer and converted to depth information by Fourier transformation.3-5 The detection method using a spectrometer is much more efficient and as a result SDOCT is several orders of magnitude more sensitive than TD ...
... Instead, a spectrum is measured with a spectrometer in the detection arm of the interferometer and converted to depth information by Fourier transformation.3-5 The detection method using a spectrometer is much more efficient and as a result SDOCT is several orders of magnitude more sensitive than TD ...
3-D Ultrahigh Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography with
... noninvasive optical biopsy of the human retina (D. Huang, et al, 1991). OCT is based on low coherence interferometry (R. C. Youngquist, et al, 1987), in which the pattern of interference between the reference and object beams is used to determine the amount of light reflected back from a certain poi ...
... noninvasive optical biopsy of the human retina (D. Huang, et al, 1991). OCT is based on low coherence interferometry (R. C. Youngquist, et al, 1987), in which the pattern of interference between the reference and object beams is used to determine the amount of light reflected back from a certain poi ...
Optimal Measurement of Multimode Squeezed Light via Eigenmode
... The ten largest eigenvalues of the squeezing for a pump pulse long compared to the nonlinear response time (∆ωTχ=0.1) and with an intensity such that the gain-length product at the peak of the pump is 4. For the case of phase velocity mismatch, ∆kL was chosen to be 2π . For the case of group velocit ...
... The ten largest eigenvalues of the squeezing for a pump pulse long compared to the nonlinear response time (∆ωTχ=0.1) and with an intensity such that the gain-length product at the peak of the pump is 4. For the case of phase velocity mismatch, ∆kL was chosen to be 2π . For the case of group velocit ...
PDF
... illustrated in Figs. 3(a) and 3(c), when an OAM beam interferes with a copropagating Gaussian beam, a spiral interference pattern is generated [16], as shown in Figs. 3(b) and 3(d). The OAM state l is then identified by the number of arms in the spiral, while the sign of the OAM state is revealed by ...
... illustrated in Figs. 3(a) and 3(c), when an OAM beam interferes with a copropagating Gaussian beam, a spiral interference pattern is generated [16], as shown in Figs. 3(b) and 3(d). The OAM state l is then identified by the number of arms in the spiral, while the sign of the OAM state is revealed by ...
Basic Physical Optics
... to locate the image points and light rays are lines that intersect clearly at geometrical points. But in reality, if you were to examine such image points with a microscope, you would see structure in the “point,” a structure explained only when you invoke the true wave nature of light. In effect, t ...
... to locate the image points and light rays are lines that intersect clearly at geometrical points. But in reality, if you were to examine such image points with a microscope, you would see structure in the “point,” a structure explained only when you invoke the true wave nature of light. In effect, t ...
Refractive indexes of (Al,Ga,In)As epilayers on InP for optoelectronic
... electron confinement in quantum well structures. The material system also has the technological advantage of having only one Group V element, thus making composition control easier, especially in conventional molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) where the Group 111 elements can have near unity sticking coef ...
... electron confinement in quantum well structures. The material system also has the technological advantage of having only one Group V element, thus making composition control easier, especially in conventional molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) where the Group 111 elements can have near unity sticking coef ...
the fresnel diffraction: a story of light and darkness
... square modulus of the frequency. For the sake of simplicity, we will still denote this function a modulation transfer function (MTF), although it is quite different from the usual Hermitian MTFs encountered in incoherent imagery. The use of the spatial filtering is particularly useful for a numerical ...
... square modulus of the frequency. For the sake of simplicity, we will still denote this function a modulation transfer function (MTF), although it is quite different from the usual Hermitian MTFs encountered in incoherent imagery. The use of the spatial filtering is particularly useful for a numerical ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Tip-tilt mirror and sensor configuration
... Review of important points • Both lenses and mirrors can focus and collimate light • Equations for system focal lengths, magnifications are quite similar for lenses and for mirrors • Telescopes are combinations of two or more optical elements – Main function: to gather lots of light ...
... Review of important points • Both lenses and mirrors can focus and collimate light • Equations for system focal lengths, magnifications are quite similar for lenses and for mirrors • Telescopes are combinations of two or more optical elements – Main function: to gather lots of light ...
Polarized Light
... different laser types – during a coherence time polarization of a laser stays constant – to acknowledge this state of affairs, a laser without a definite polarization is often called randomly polarized (confusing terminology, but its all we have for now) ...
... different laser types – during a coherence time polarization of a laser stays constant – to acknowledge this state of affairs, a laser without a definite polarization is often called randomly polarized (confusing terminology, but its all we have for now) ...
Part 3 - MZA Associates Corporation
... shall call “waves”, each representing a portion of monochromatic or quasimonochromatic light of limited transverse extent, with a phasefront approximating a specified plane wave or a spherical wave, called its reference wave. Each wave has an associated scalar field u=Aeif, represented by a rectangu ...
... shall call “waves”, each representing a portion of monochromatic or quasimonochromatic light of limited transverse extent, with a phasefront approximating a specified plane wave or a spherical wave, called its reference wave. Each wave has an associated scalar field u=Aeif, represented by a rectangu ...
Photoacoustic imaging velocimetry for flow
... of the FOV, the PA signal was received incompletely. Thus the image intensity in the center of the FOV was used as a standard to assess the improvement of image uniformity in contrast. After PA reconstruction, an image sequence according time can be acquired, and each image shows the absorbed optic ...
... of the FOV, the PA signal was received incompletely. Thus the image intensity in the center of the FOV was used as a standard to assess the improvement of image uniformity in contrast. After PA reconstruction, an image sequence according time can be acquired, and each image shows the absorbed optic ...
Non-reciprocal ultrafast laser writing
... We will refer to this phenomenon as the photothermal effect in non-centrosymmetric media, or the bulk photothermal effect, to highlight that the light-induced heat current can be excited even under homogeneous illumination and in a homogeneous noncentrosymmetric medium45. However, the developed phen ...
... We will refer to this phenomenon as the photothermal effect in non-centrosymmetric media, or the bulk photothermal effect, to highlight that the light-induced heat current can be excited even under homogeneous illumination and in a homogeneous noncentrosymmetric medium45. However, the developed phen ...
A method to generate complex quasi-nondiffracting optical lat
... space [Fig. 2(e)], while in frequency domain the spectrum of such beam appears to be very close to infinitely-narrow ring and its angular distribution can be well described by a steplike function G (j) that is nonzero within finite interval of angles j1 < j < j2 . This indicates that there exist tru ...
... space [Fig. 2(e)], while in frequency domain the spectrum of such beam appears to be very close to infinitely-narrow ring and its angular distribution can be well described by a steplike function G (j) that is nonzero within finite interval of angles j1 < j < j2 . This indicates that there exist tru ...
Planar Integrated Optical Waveguide Spectroscopy
... lthough the term “waveguide” may not be familiar to many people, applications of waveguiding technologies, such as fiber-optic-based communications, are widespread. Spectroscopists routinely use attenuated total reflection (ATR) to obtain FTIR spectra of thin films and the surfaces of bulk materials ...
... lthough the term “waveguide” may not be familiar to many people, applications of waveguiding technologies, such as fiber-optic-based communications, are widespread. Spectroscopists routinely use attenuated total reflection (ATR) to obtain FTIR spectra of thin films and the surfaces of bulk materials ...
SOIL PENETROMETER WITH RAMAN SAMPLING
... 5.22 Necessary irradiance needed at the sample to saturate the pixel charge at one second of integration time ............................................................................. 91 5.23 Necessary irradiance at the sample needed to saturate the pixel charge of the uncooled CCD camera at one ...
... 5.22 Necessary irradiance needed at the sample to saturate the pixel charge at one second of integration time ............................................................................. 91 5.23 Necessary irradiance at the sample needed to saturate the pixel charge of the uncooled CCD camera at one ...
Rotating light with light: Generation of helical modes of light by spin
... Therefore, any wavefront shape as specified by the transverse phase retardation ∆Φ(x, y), can be generated by a suitable PBOE. The needed PBOE optical axis geometry is fixed by the relationship α(x, y) = ±∆Φ(x, y)/2, where the sign is determined by the circular polarization handedness that will be e ...
... Therefore, any wavefront shape as specified by the transverse phase retardation ∆Φ(x, y), can be generated by a suitable PBOE. The needed PBOE optical axis geometry is fixed by the relationship α(x, y) = ±∆Φ(x, y)/2, where the sign is determined by the circular polarization handedness that will be e ...
5. Optical fiber
... such as radio waves, microwaves, light etc. The frequency of light waves is very high which means a large bandwidth and hence a large amount of information can be transmitted. For this reason one wants to use light as a carrier wave. Unlike radio waves, light cannot be transmitted through open atmos ...
... such as radio waves, microwaves, light etc. The frequency of light waves is very high which means a large bandwidth and hence a large amount of information can be transmitted. For this reason one wants to use light as a carrier wave. Unlike radio waves, light cannot be transmitted through open atmos ...
A nanometer notch filter with high rejection and throughput
... The - 15% rejection ratio is much larger than that expected from error free plates, even with the finite divergence of light used here ( ~0.1% forfl100). In general, it is necessary to tilt the &talons since their central wavelengths can differ from the desired notch wavelength. The consequenceis th ...
... The - 15% rejection ratio is much larger than that expected from error free plates, even with the finite divergence of light used here ( ~0.1% forfl100). In general, it is necessary to tilt the &talons since their central wavelengths can differ from the desired notch wavelength. The consequenceis th ...
Microscopy
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of microscopy: optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy.Optical and electron microscopy involve the diffraction, reflection, or refraction of electromagnetic radiation/electron beams interacting with the specimen, and the collection of the scattered radiation or another signal in order to create an image. This process may be carried out by wide-field irradiation of the sample (for example standard light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) or by scanning of a fine beam over the sample (for example confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Scanning probe microscopy involves the interaction of a scanning probe with the surface of the object of interest. The development of microscopy revolutionized biology and remains an essential technique in the life and physical sciences.