Why Did John Herschel Fail to Understand Polarization
... The phenomena of interference and diffraction, which clearly demonstrate the wave character of light and are difficult to understand within the particle framework, become comprehensible with the help of the attributes ‘amplitude,’ ‘wavelength’ and ‘phase difference.’ According to the wave theory, th ...
... The phenomena of interference and diffraction, which clearly demonstrate the wave character of light and are difficult to understand within the particle framework, become comprehensible with the help of the attributes ‘amplitude,’ ‘wavelength’ and ‘phase difference.’ According to the wave theory, th ...
Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparency of Graphene
... optical microscope is possible for graphene membranes because they mostly absorb light with only a minute portion of it being reflected (<0.1%). The latter ensures that the opacity of graphene is practically independent of the numerical aperture and magnification (this was carefully checked experime ...
... optical microscope is possible for graphene membranes because they mostly absorb light with only a minute portion of it being reflected (<0.1%). The latter ensures that the opacity of graphene is practically independent of the numerical aperture and magnification (this was carefully checked experime ...
Synchronization of Micromechanical Oscillators Using Light
... mechanical mode. Above a certain threshold power, when the gain is high enough to overcome the intrinsic mechanical damping, the mechanical mode starts a regenerative oscillation and behave as a free-running oscillator. The transmitted laser signal becomes deeply modulated at the mechanical frequenc ...
... mechanical mode. Above a certain threshold power, when the gain is high enough to overcome the intrinsic mechanical damping, the mechanical mode starts a regenerative oscillation and behave as a free-running oscillator. The transmitted laser signal becomes deeply modulated at the mechanical frequenc ...
Biomedical Imaging and Applied Optics Laboratory
... their chromatin changes and colours more darkly when stained during histopathology. Nuclear sizes change from the normal 5 − 10 µm to 1.5 − −2 x the size, i.e. 10 − 20 µm. Currently, these early changes are only detectable by histopathology or, non-invasively, by optical imaging techniques such as c ...
... their chromatin changes and colours more darkly when stained during histopathology. Nuclear sizes change from the normal 5 − 10 µm to 1.5 − −2 x the size, i.e. 10 − 20 µm. Currently, these early changes are only detectable by histopathology or, non-invasively, by optical imaging techniques such as c ...
Two-color cross-correlation in small-angle static light
... The samples are microporous membrane filters ~Sartorius!, which have been characterized in a previous work @19#, and whose features fit very well the experimental requirements. First of all, the membranes are quite thin, their thickness being 14065 mm. Moreover, while in air they look perfectly opaq ...
... The samples are microporous membrane filters ~Sartorius!, which have been characterized in a previous work @19#, and whose features fit very well the experimental requirements. First of all, the membranes are quite thin, their thickness being 14065 mm. Moreover, while in air they look perfectly opaq ...
Automotive Optical Solutions for the Automotive
... Due to the lack of commercially available high vacuum equipment, Balzers had to design and build most of the required vacuum components, equipment and systems necessary for the development of its novel and proprietary thin-film coating processes. Today Optics Balzers is a globally recognized leader ...
... Due to the lack of commercially available high vacuum equipment, Balzers had to design and build most of the required vacuum components, equipment and systems necessary for the development of its novel and proprietary thin-film coating processes. Today Optics Balzers is a globally recognized leader ...
... Learning how to accurately control the optical response of these nanoantennas represents a very promising approach to the control of the distribution of light fields over space and time on the nanometer scale. Traditionally, two main complementary approaches have been followed in order to control th ...
Recent advances in diffuse optical imaging
... Measurements of the intensity of light transmitted between two points on the surface of tissue are not only relatively straightforward and inexpensive to obtain, but also contain a remarkable amount of useful information, as demonstrated by the clinical successes of NIRS (Obrig and Villringer 2003). ...
... Measurements of the intensity of light transmitted between two points on the surface of tissue are not only relatively straightforward and inexpensive to obtain, but also contain a remarkable amount of useful information, as demonstrated by the clinical successes of NIRS (Obrig and Villringer 2003). ...
Birefringent Thin Films for LCDs Pochi Yeh
... the plane of incidence. For normal incidence, the angles are 45 degrees. When the plane of incidence in 45 degrees from the absorption axes of the polarizers, the angle between the unit vector o1 and the normal vector s is an increasing function of the angle of incidence. The deviation from 45 degre ...
... the plane of incidence. For normal incidence, the angles are 45 degrees. When the plane of incidence in 45 degrees from the absorption axes of the polarizers, the angle between the unit vector o1 and the normal vector s is an increasing function of the angle of incidence. The deviation from 45 degre ...
Slow light in various media: a tutorial
... since potential applications of slow light field are so often in fields far from optical physics, there is a need for a basic treatise of the field accessible to the engineering community. At this time, in our view, this demand had not been adequately filled. Of course, there exists a body of solid ...
... since potential applications of slow light field are so often in fields far from optical physics, there is a need for a basic treatise of the field accessible to the engineering community. At this time, in our view, this demand had not been adequately filled. Of course, there exists a body of solid ...
(1) and
... Course Objective: The objective of this course is to apply the concepts of physics (i) to different optical phenomena ...
... Course Objective: The objective of this course is to apply the concepts of physics (i) to different optical phenomena ...
Basic Principles and Applications of Holography
... Computer-generated holograms: The mathematics of holography is now well understood. Essentially, there are three basic elements in holography: the light source, the hologram, and the image. If any two of the elements are predetermined, the third can be computed. For example, if we know that we have ...
... Computer-generated holograms: The mathematics of holography is now well understood. Essentially, there are three basic elements in holography: the light source, the hologram, and the image. If any two of the elements are predetermined, the third can be computed. For example, if we know that we have ...
Processing of Graphene combining Optical Detection and Scanning
... lithography is applied followed by reactive ion etching techniques [17]. However, due to the need of electron beam sensitive resists like PMMA, the graphene remains contaminated after the process. As every atom of graphene is on its surface, contaminations have a significant influence on the overall ...
... lithography is applied followed by reactive ion etching techniques [17]. However, due to the need of electron beam sensitive resists like PMMA, the graphene remains contaminated after the process. As every atom of graphene is on its surface, contaminations have a significant influence on the overall ...
Experimental demonstration of a light-ray-direction
... direction is also increased. In both figures, the view through the confocal lenticular arrays appears more blurred than it does in the corresponding simulations. We believe this is due to imperfections in the imaging quality of the lenticular arrays and in the alignment of the arrays relative to eac ...
... direction is also increased. In both figures, the view through the confocal lenticular arrays appears more blurred than it does in the corresponding simulations. We believe this is due to imperfections in the imaging quality of the lenticular arrays and in the alignment of the arrays relative to eac ...
Optical image recognition of three-dimensional objects
... Among the temporal frequency-modulation techniques, the use of active optical heterodyne scanning has been studied extensively by Poon and Korpel,12 Poon,13 and Indebetouw and Poon.15 In the optical heterodyne scanning system two laser beams of different temporal frequency that carry the information ...
... Among the temporal frequency-modulation techniques, the use of active optical heterodyne scanning has been studied extensively by Poon and Korpel,12 Poon,13 and Indebetouw and Poon.15 In the optical heterodyne scanning system two laser beams of different temporal frequency that carry the information ...
Measuring amplitude and phase in optical fields with
... In order to get sub-wavelength resolution in optical fields, it is crucial to probe high spatial frequencies contained in evanescent waves. To access the evanescent waves, a probe has to be brought close to the surface. “Close” or “near” means smaller than a wavelength (in contrast to “far”) because ...
... In order to get sub-wavelength resolution in optical fields, it is crucial to probe high spatial frequencies contained in evanescent waves. To access the evanescent waves, a probe has to be brought close to the surface. “Close” or “near” means smaller than a wavelength (in contrast to “far”) because ...
Quantitative phase and refractive index measurements with point
... Figure 3A shows the setup used for the creation of simulated holograms for a transparent 15 μm diameter sphere with refractive index n 1.36 immersed in water. Figure 3B shows the reconstructed phase image of the sphere. The variation of the phase through a central section of the sphere obtained fr ...
... Figure 3A shows the setup used for the creation of simulated holograms for a transparent 15 μm diameter sphere with refractive index n 1.36 immersed in water. Figure 3B shows the reconstructed phase image of the sphere. The variation of the phase through a central section of the sphere obtained fr ...
THE STRUCTURE OF HIGH STREHL RATIO POINT
... and Sivaramakrishnan et al. (2002) developed the complete second-order expansion of the PSF of a well-corrected image taken with an arbitrarily shaped and apodized pupil. We extend the latter work to arbitrary order and explore the nature of various terms in the infinite series expansion in order to ...
... and Sivaramakrishnan et al. (2002) developed the complete second-order expansion of the PSF of a well-corrected image taken with an arbitrarily shaped and apodized pupil. We extend the latter work to arbitrary order and explore the nature of various terms in the infinite series expansion in order to ...
genius PHYSICS by Pradeep Kshetrapal Newtons corpuscular
... maxima will be white with red edges. On the other side of it we shall get a few coloured band and then uniform illumination. (9) Condition for observing sustained interference (i) The initial phase difference between the interfering waves must remain constant : Otherwise the interference will not be ...
... maxima will be white with red edges. On the other side of it we shall get a few coloured band and then uniform illumination. (9) Condition for observing sustained interference (i) The initial phase difference between the interfering waves must remain constant : Otherwise the interference will not be ...
Quantitative determination of chromophore concentrations from 2D
... are required to obtain them, is their strong dependence on tissue structure, composition, and physiological status. Given that these can vary significantly between different tissue types, the quantitative accuracy of these methods and their validity are likely to be limited. To make truly quantitati ...
... are required to obtain them, is their strong dependence on tissue structure, composition, and physiological status. Given that these can vary significantly between different tissue types, the quantitative accuracy of these methods and their validity are likely to be limited. To make truly quantitati ...
Digital High-Speed Optical Systems Interconnections for
... threshold beca~ a given increment ofcurrent well above threshold results in a lower output than for the same increment of current just above threshold. In an optical link, the reduction in quantum efficiency can result in increased incremental insertion loss as the laser is operated far above thresh ...
... threshold beca~ a given increment ofcurrent well above threshold results in a lower output than for the same increment of current just above threshold. In an optical link, the reduction in quantum efficiency can result in increased incremental insertion loss as the laser is operated far above thresh ...
PDF
... locked to the modulation frequency of the temperature of the test device, and is triggered at frequency . Real-time signal processing of the four images per period effectively performs pixel-by-pixel lock-in amplification on the resulting surface reflectivity signal [17]. The required temperature mo ...
... locked to the modulation frequency of the temperature of the test device, and is triggered at frequency . Real-time signal processing of the four images per period effectively performs pixel-by-pixel lock-in amplification on the resulting surface reflectivity signal [17]. The required temperature mo ...
Direct measurement of terahertz wavefront pulses using 2D electro
... Wavefront characterization of terahertz (THz) pulses is essential to optimize far-field intensity distribution or spot focalization, as well as increase the peak power of intense terahertz sources. In the visible spectral region, Hartmann masks, invented a century ago, are used to perform optical me ...
... Wavefront characterization of terahertz (THz) pulses is essential to optimize far-field intensity distribution or spot focalization, as well as increase the peak power of intense terahertz sources. In the visible spectral region, Hartmann masks, invented a century ago, are used to perform optical me ...
Gain-Flattening Filters Using Dielectric Multilayer Thin Film
... advantages of the EDFA is that its bandwidth of amplification is comparatively wide, allowing the optical signals within the bandwidth to be batch-amplified, and recently its amplification bandwidth has been increasing. In WDM systems the power deviation between the optical signals of different wave ...
... advantages of the EDFA is that its bandwidth of amplification is comparatively wide, allowing the optical signals within the bandwidth to be batch-amplified, and recently its amplification bandwidth has been increasing. In WDM systems the power deviation between the optical signals of different wave ...
Microscopy
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of microscopy: optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy.Optical and electron microscopy involve the diffraction, reflection, or refraction of electromagnetic radiation/electron beams interacting with the specimen, and the collection of the scattered radiation or another signal in order to create an image. This process may be carried out by wide-field irradiation of the sample (for example standard light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) or by scanning of a fine beam over the sample (for example confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Scanning probe microscopy involves the interaction of a scanning probe with the surface of the object of interest. The development of microscopy revolutionized biology and remains an essential technique in the life and physical sciences.