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Guided photoluminescence study of Nd
Guided photoluminescence study of Nd

... intensity of the scattered light was recorded with a digital camera placed above the sample. Transverse scanning along the light propagation direction enabled the 2-D light intensity distribution of the guided modes to be obtained. Then, the intensity curve was obtained by integrating the data along ...
Theoretical modeling and evaluation of the axial resolution of the
Theoretical modeling and evaluation of the axial resolution of the

... half maximum 共FWHM兲 of the point spread function 共PSF兲 of a double-pass system is smaller than that of a single-pass imaging system. For example, in confocal systems with small pinholes, the lateral resolution is about 40% better than conventional diffraction-limited imaging.1 However, image quality ...
1.5 MB
1.5 MB

... adjustment of the interferometric system, otherwise the results are ambiguous. Two methods based on the same concept (Fig. 3) were proposed for determining the vortex sign in the vortex lattice created in optical vortex interferometer [23, 24]. In the present paper the same basic idea is used. Figur ...
Liquid-crystal photonic applications
Liquid-crystal photonic applications

... In standard three-color imaging, one actually takes three images for three different colors or wavelength ranges. A color CCD, for example, often consists of RGB pixels in a Bayer arrangement, with double the amount of green pixels, compared to red and blue. In hyperspectral imaging, the aim is to o ...
Design and construction of a refracting telescope
Design and construction of a refracting telescope

... Magnification itself is limited by optical characteristics. With any telescope or microscope, beyond a practical maximum magnification, the image looks bigger but shows no more detail. It occurs when the finest detail the instrument can resolve is magnified to match the finest detail the eye can see ...
Principles, Instrumentation, and Applications of Infrared Multispectral
Principles, Instrumentation, and Applications of Infrared Multispectral

... Light of wavelength l is transmitted without loss, because it meets the transmission criteria for each stage, while light of other wavelengths is extinguished by one or more stages. A variety of factors including limited availability of materials that possess electro-optic properties and materials t ...
Direct welding of fused silica with femtosecond fiber laser
Direct welding of fused silica with femtosecond fiber laser

... number of advantages – simple, cost effective and capability of wide variety of material processing and “at will” structure writing. In addition, fs laser pulses give the potential to directly write structures inside transparent materials which are impossible with traditional continuous wave or long ...
Reference Guide to Fiber Optic Testing Glossary Reference Guide to Fib
Reference Guide to Fiber Optic Testing Glossary Reference Guide to Fib

... molecule or nucleus in an excited state drops to a lower-energy state, resulting in the creation of a photon. (2) Stimulated emission is the process by which, when perturbed by a photon, matter may lose energy resulting in the creation of another photon. The perturbing photon is not destroyed in the ...
Estimation of longitudinal resolution in optical coherence
Estimation of longitudinal resolution in optical coherence

... portance for the ability to resolve small structures in optical coherence imaging such as optical coherence tomography1 and optical coherence microscopy.4 In this paper we investigate optical coherence imaging cases in which the self-coherence function is the determining factor of longitudinal resol ...
Optical switches
Optical switches

... Optical fiber characteristics • Dispersion is an undesirable phenomenon in optical fibers • causes an initially narrow light pulse to spread out as it propagates along the fiber • There are different causes for dispersion • modal dispersion • chromatic dispersion • Modal dispersion • occurs in multi ...
“ waves, yielding a resultant irradiance that may deviate from the... component irradiances. r
“ waves, yielding a resultant irradiance that may deviate from the... component irradiances. r

... 2) Beam which is reflected by M2 passes through glass of BS three times. 3) Beam which is reflected by M1 passes through glass of BS once. We need to insert “compensator plate” C in arm OM1. Exact Duplicate of BS without the silver coating. Therefore, the difference in OPL is actual path length diff ...
Technologies - E
Technologies - E

... We can build such device, based on a bi-refringent material on a fiber loop • In a fiber loop, the suffered tensions and compressions by the fiber bending, are in many cases enough to cause birefringency • By rotating the axis, we can get changes on the electrical field ...
About the reduction of reflections for camera lenses How T
About the reduction of reflections for camera lenses How T

... 1.5 can be seen as bright, small spot, whereas the out-of-focus ghost image, which is due to the light ray path depicted in Fig. 1.4, stretches out over a relatively large area. The latter has the shape of an iris stop (the iris diaphragm consisting here of five blades), and exhibits much lower inte ...
Document
Document

... resolution of the image intensifier. Higher voltages yield higher spatial resolution. On the other hand, for very high negative voltages the electrons generate positive ions on the MCP. These ions are pulled back to the photo cathode (ion feedback) and may damage it. Therefore, an optimum voltage is ...
OPTI 517 Image Quality
OPTI 517 Image Quality

... Encircled or ensquared energy is the ratio of the energy in the PSF that is collected by a single circular or square detector to the total amount of energy that reaches the image plane from that object point – This is a popular metric for system engineers who, reasonably enough, want a certain amoun ...
Chapter 18 - Handbook of Optics
Chapter 18 - Handbook of Optics

... position of the stop does not affect third-order aberration correction and may be chosen to minimize y ignetting , distortion , element size, or stray light contamination. All aberrations mentioned in this section are third-order unless otherwise stated. Definitions of the abbreviated terminology us ...
Nonlinear optics in daily life
Nonlinear optics in daily life

... Web of Knowledge, show similar statistics (4%). Some might take this to mean that nonlinear optics has only 5% the impact on life as lasers. This paper will show, however, that a large number of laser applications owe their existence to nonlinear optics, if not always explicitly stated. The impact o ...
of optical-fiber dispersion
of optical-fiber dispersion

... Using the double-exposure photoimprinting technique, we fabricated a 1.5-cm-longBragg grating with a center resonant wavelength AOof 1549 nm and linear chirp of 0.03%. The chirped Bragg grating was fabricated in Corning SMF-28 optical fiber that had been photosensitized by H2 loading before irradiat ...
Laser Medicine and Medical Imaging – J. G. Fujimoto
Laser Medicine and Medical Imaging – J. G. Fujimoto

... The prototype imaging needle had a confocal parameter of ~380 µm, corresponding to a spot size (or transverse resolution) of ~17 µm, with a focal distance ~80 µm outside the optical window. The optical beam can be scanned radially by rotating the entire needle along with the distal optics. This tech ...
Composite Optical Vortices Formed by Collinear Laguerre-Gauss Beams
Composite Optical Vortices Formed by Collinear Laguerre-Gauss Beams

... filters (F in Fig. 3). The two beams with polarizations orthogonal to each other were made interfere by projecting them along the same polarization plane with a linear polarizer. The polarizer (P in Fig. 3) had its transmission axis oriented an angle θ relative to the vertical. It is interesting that ...
Galileoscope Optics Guide - Teaching with Telescopes
Galileoscope Optics Guide - Teaching with Telescopes

... 2. Tell the students that light is a wave, similar to a water wave. They are going to represent a wavefront. A wavefront can be though of as the crest or top of a wave for our purposes. 3. Have the students line up next to each other and lock arms. Have the students practice walking at the same spee ...
AS Waves and Optics
AS Waves and Optics

... (a) In an experiment, a narrow beam of white light from a filament lamp is directed at normal incidence at a diffraction grating. Complete the diagram in the figure below to show the light beams transmitted by the grating, showing the zero-order beam and the ...
Introduction to Optics
Introduction to Optics

... spectral composition of light in a fairly easy and efficient way.  The  colours  you  see  in  the  spectrum  of  an  object  are  specific  to  that  same object. In order to identify an unknown  material, scientists compare its  spectrum  to  the  pattern­spectra  of  different  materials.  This  ...
lab 1 GEO Optics
lab 1 GEO Optics

... Your group is working to develop and study new proteins. To analyze the composition of a protein mixture you have produced, the protein solution is placed in an electric field. Proteins with different total charges will drift at different speeds in the solution, and can be separated for further anal ...
Light beams with fractional orbital angular
Light beams with fractional orbital angular

... Figure 3 depicts the experimental arrangement. The hologram is implemented using a computer controllable spatial light modulator (SLM). The light beam is produced with a HeNe laser, which has been expanded with help of the lenses f 1 and f 2 to illuminate the SLM evenly (see Figure 3). The recording ...
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Microscopy



Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of microscopy: optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy.Optical and electron microscopy involve the diffraction, reflection, or refraction of electromagnetic radiation/electron beams interacting with the specimen, and the collection of the scattered radiation or another signal in order to create an image. This process may be carried out by wide-field irradiation of the sample (for example standard light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) or by scanning of a fine beam over the sample (for example confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Scanning probe microscopy involves the interaction of a scanning probe with the surface of the object of interest. The development of microscopy revolutionized biology and remains an essential technique in the life and physical sciences.
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