INTRODUCTORY OPTICS SYSTEM
... In our day to day life, we rarely concern ourselves with light, except perhaps when there is too much or not enough of it. We interact with light that has interacted with objects to determine such things as the color, shape, and position of the objects. We use this information to navigate, and to fi ...
... In our day to day life, we rarely concern ourselves with light, except perhaps when there is too much or not enough of it. We interact with light that has interacted with objects to determine such things as the color, shape, and position of the objects. We use this information to navigate, and to fi ...
5.9 M - Thierry Karsenti
... Amoeboids are unicellular lifeforms that mainly consist of contractile vacuoles, a nucleus, and cytoplasm as their basic structure. They move and feed by means of temporary cytoplasmic projections, called pseudopods (false feet). They have appeared in a number of different groups. Some cells in mult ...
... Amoeboids are unicellular lifeforms that mainly consist of contractile vacuoles, a nucleus, and cytoplasm as their basic structure. They move and feed by means of temporary cytoplasmic projections, called pseudopods (false feet). They have appeared in a number of different groups. Some cells in mult ...
Propagation and focusing of optical fields
... sets of modes are therefore not independent. Note that the parameter wo only represents the beam waist for the Gaussian beam and that for higher order modes the amplitude Eo does not correspond to the field at the focal point. Fig. 3.2 shows the fields in the focal plane (z = 0) for the first four H ...
... sets of modes are therefore not independent. Note that the parameter wo only represents the beam waist for the Gaussian beam and that for higher order modes the amplitude Eo does not correspond to the field at the focal point. Fig. 3.2 shows the fields in the focal plane (z = 0) for the first four H ...
Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing: A route towards
... surgery or back-side processing of glass, ultrashort laser pulses are focused deeply into the material with low NA.5, 6 As a result, the extreme intensities are not only obtained at the geometrical focus, but may also be achieved already during the propagation towards the focal plane and may evoke n ...
... surgery or back-side processing of glass, ultrashort laser pulses are focused deeply into the material with low NA.5, 6 As a result, the extreme intensities are not only obtained at the geometrical focus, but may also be achieved already during the propagation towards the focal plane and may evoke n ...
Mach Zehnder Interferometer and its Applications
... output ports. A basic MZI [1] as shown in Fig.1 is constructed using two couplers, one at the input acts as splitter and another at the output acts as combiner. The light is split in two arms of the interferometer by the input coupler and recombined at the output by the output coupler. The optical p ...
... output ports. A basic MZI [1] as shown in Fig.1 is constructed using two couplers, one at the input acts as splitter and another at the output acts as combiner. The light is split in two arms of the interferometer by the input coupler and recombined at the output by the output coupler. The optical p ...
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... 2.C. we focus on analytic solutions for semi-infinite homogeneous systems. Numerical calculations where finite difference methods are used are performed in this case to verify the analytic solutions. The analytic solutions reveal the explicit dependence of fluorescent diffusive waves on the fluoroph ...
... 2.C. we focus on analytic solutions for semi-infinite homogeneous systems. Numerical calculations where finite difference methods are used are performed in this case to verify the analytic solutions. The analytic solutions reveal the explicit dependence of fluorescent diffusive waves on the fluoroph ...
Non-Collinear Second Harmonic Generation in
... An increasing number of photonic applications based on nonlinear effects are routinely in use, but for other desired and in principle possible new commercial devices, light induced nonlinear effects are too small. For known materials the time constants, their long-term stability or other properties ...
... An increasing number of photonic applications based on nonlinear effects are routinely in use, but for other desired and in principle possible new commercial devices, light induced nonlinear effects are too small. For known materials the time constants, their long-term stability or other properties ...
Femtosecond powder diffraction with a laser-driven hard X
... change the structure factor and, thus, the diffracted intensities as well. In femtosecond powder diffraction, the photoinduced structural changes are monitored by hard X-ray probe pulses diffracted from the excited sample for different pump-probe delays. This method requires synchronized optical and ...
... change the structure factor and, thus, the diffracted intensities as well. In femtosecond powder diffraction, the photoinduced structural changes are monitored by hard X-ray probe pulses diffracted from the excited sample for different pump-probe delays. This method requires synchronized optical and ...
Unit 1.6 Optical Switching - DIT School of Electronics and
... protection is important, but not critical, as other processes in the protection scheme take longer than the optical switch. It is desirable in the protection applications to optically verify that the switching has been made (optical taps that direct a small portion of the optical signal to a separat ...
... protection is important, but not critical, as other processes in the protection scheme take longer than the optical switch. It is desirable in the protection applications to optically verify that the switching has been made (optical taps that direct a small portion of the optical signal to a separat ...
Part 1
... detrimental. For example, with a CuL source, a 50 nm feature must be exposed at a mask-tosubstrate gap of less than about 4 µm in order to maintain good process latitude. A 25 nm feature would require a gap of 1 µm. For such very small features, we eliminate the gap and use contact between the subst ...
... detrimental. For example, with a CuL source, a 50 nm feature must be exposed at a mask-tosubstrate gap of less than about 4 µm in order to maintain good process latitude. A 25 nm feature would require a gap of 1 µm. For such very small features, we eliminate the gap and use contact between the subst ...
Selective Trapping or Rotation of Isotropic Dielectric Microparticles
... trapping stability, the rotational speed, as well as the dependence over the particle size. These additional controls could be approached through the variations in optical excitation power, number of spiral turns, and interestingly the surface roughness of the gold film. Our method is of great intere ...
... trapping stability, the rotational speed, as well as the dependence over the particle size. These additional controls could be approached through the variations in optical excitation power, number of spiral turns, and interestingly the surface roughness of the gold film. Our method is of great intere ...
Optical Behavior of Pellicles
... interference term will also contribute to the shift in reticle best focus, dependant on the NA used, so that 210 – 260 nm of total focus shift can result. The second term in the series results in spherical aberration. However, here the interference term begins to dominate. Considering again the stan ...
... interference term will also contribute to the shift in reticle best focus, dependant on the NA used, so that 210 – 260 nm of total focus shift can result. The second term in the series results in spherical aberration. However, here the interference term begins to dominate. Considering again the stan ...
Coherent Laser Beam Addition: Application of Binary-Optics Technology An
... power well above single-laser capabilities. Since all lasers are limited in power by physical constraints (gain saturation, optical damage, heat dissipation, modal purity, etc.), these applications require special addition techniques for harnessing the combined power capability of many lasers. The o ...
... power well above single-laser capabilities. Since all lasers are limited in power by physical constraints (gain saturation, optical damage, heat dissipation, modal purity, etc.), these applications require special addition techniques for harnessing the combined power capability of many lasers. The o ...
Phase retrieval in X-ray phase-contrast imaging suitable for
... where (a) is the object and (b) the simulated phase-contrast image. While the edges in (b) are clear and small structures can be detected, the quantitative relation between phase-contrast image and object is not intuitive. Fig. 2(c) shows instead the phase of the object in (a), a physical quantity d ...
... where (a) is the object and (b) the simulated phase-contrast image. While the edges in (b) are clear and small structures can be detected, the quantitative relation between phase-contrast image and object is not intuitive. Fig. 2(c) shows instead the phase of the object in (a), a physical quantity d ...
The Equation of Number the Total Internal of Reflection Angles
... minimum the difference in axial propagation speed of the various rays in the fiber. This ideal index profile is very close to a parabolic relationship between the index and distance from the axis [8]. Fiber with a core diameter less than about ten times the wavelength of propagating light cannot be ...
... minimum the difference in axial propagation speed of the various rays in the fiber. This ideal index profile is very close to a parabolic relationship between the index and distance from the axis [8]. Fiber with a core diameter less than about ten times the wavelength of propagating light cannot be ...
Fabrication of Cube Beamsplitters for White Light Interferometry
... avoid introducing wavelength dependent phase errors into the wavefront. Typical commercial cube beamsplitters are not currently manufactured to the tolerances required by white light interferometry. High quality beamsplitters are typically matched to about 100µm of optical path length and can vary s ...
... avoid introducing wavelength dependent phase errors into the wavefront. Typical commercial cube beamsplitters are not currently manufactured to the tolerances required by white light interferometry. High quality beamsplitters are typically matched to about 100µm of optical path length and can vary s ...
Applications of spatial light modulators for optical trapping and
... describing reflection and transmission, which are polarization dependent. On the other hand, it is also the light intensity distribution itself which is not independent from polarization: Especially when light is strongly focussed – like in optical tweezers – its polarization has significant influen ...
... describing reflection and transmission, which are polarization dependent. On the other hand, it is also the light intensity distribution itself which is not independent from polarization: Especially when light is strongly focussed – like in optical tweezers – its polarization has significant influen ...
Optical Metrology vs SEM. Range, Accuracy, Repeatability
... Figure 1. The microlithography process and its measurements Pattern fidelity is primarily a process control issue concerning the mask maker. For pattern fidelity measurements, the correlation between the written mask and the design is sensibly measured with a SEM. Shape is important; light transmiss ...
... Figure 1. The microlithography process and its measurements Pattern fidelity is primarily a process control issue concerning the mask maker. For pattern fidelity measurements, the correlation between the written mask and the design is sensibly measured with a SEM. Shape is important; light transmiss ...
Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Optical
... • 3 equally spaced wavelengths interact to produce a 4th wavelength. ...
... • 3 equally spaced wavelengths interact to produce a 4th wavelength. ...
Fabrication of submicrometer 3D structures by one
... This work deals with a novel microscopy technique based on the ultra-low one-photon absorption (LOPA) mechanism of photosensitive materials for fabrication of arbitrary two- and three-dimensional (2D, 3D) submicrometer structures. First, we theoretically investigated the intensity distribution at fo ...
... This work deals with a novel microscopy technique based on the ultra-low one-photon absorption (LOPA) mechanism of photosensitive materials for fabrication of arbitrary two- and three-dimensional (2D, 3D) submicrometer structures. First, we theoretically investigated the intensity distribution at fo ...
Option C – Imaging
... cannot form a real image. Used in this way, a lens is acting as simple magnifying glass, and a virtual, magnified image can be seen by an eye looking through the lens, as shown in Figure 15.12, which will be discussed later in this chapter. 9 a Draw a ray diagram to determine the position and size ...
... cannot form a real image. Used in this way, a lens is acting as simple magnifying glass, and a virtual, magnified image can be seen by an eye looking through the lens, as shown in Figure 15.12, which will be discussed later in this chapter. 9 a Draw a ray diagram to determine the position and size ...
Inducing Vortices in a Bose-Einstein Condensate using light beams
... past years. Through the development of new, more advanced experimental techniques, more and more control and knowledge about the systems under observation is gained. This allows comparison with theory to so far unreached precision. Celebrated experimental successes of yesterday, such as the Magneto- ...
... past years. Through the development of new, more advanced experimental techniques, more and more control and knowledge about the systems under observation is gained. This allows comparison with theory to so far unreached precision. Celebrated experimental successes of yesterday, such as the Magneto- ...
Raman microscopy in an electron microscope: combining chemical
... production of secondary radiation along the electron path can be calculated from the appropriate cross section, specimen parameters (atomic number, density) and path length. An approximate drawing of electrons penetrating in the sample is shown in fig.1.1. There it can be seen that a basic differenc ...
... production of secondary radiation along the electron path can be calculated from the appropriate cross section, specimen parameters (atomic number, density) and path length. An approximate drawing of electrons penetrating in the sample is shown in fig.1.1. There it can be seen that a basic differenc ...
Direct Characterization of Plasmonic Slot Waveguides
... to continuously excite the antenna we illuminated the structures from below (transmission-mode s-SNOM22) with a defocused polarized laser beam (the estimated fwhm illumination spot was ∼12 μm). The light, scattered by the tip, was collected by a top parabolic mirror and directed toward a detector, w ...
... to continuously excite the antenna we illuminated the structures from below (transmission-mode s-SNOM22) with a defocused polarized laser beam (the estimated fwhm illumination spot was ∼12 μm). The light, scattered by the tip, was collected by a top parabolic mirror and directed toward a detector, w ...
Prac%ce`Quiz3`Part1`
... Prac%ce Quiz 3 Part 1 These are Q’s from old quizzes. I do not guarantee that the Q’s on this year’s quiz will be the same, or even similar. ...
... Prac%ce Quiz 3 Part 1 These are Q’s from old quizzes. I do not guarantee that the Q’s on this year’s quiz will be the same, or even similar. ...
Microscopy
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of microscopy: optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy.Optical and electron microscopy involve the diffraction, reflection, or refraction of electromagnetic radiation/electron beams interacting with the specimen, and the collection of the scattered radiation or another signal in order to create an image. This process may be carried out by wide-field irradiation of the sample (for example standard light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) or by scanning of a fine beam over the sample (for example confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). Scanning probe microscopy involves the interaction of a scanning probe with the surface of the object of interest. The development of microscopy revolutionized biology and remains an essential technique in the life and physical sciences.