selected experiments in organic chemistry
... completely liquid, is recorded as the melting point range of that substance. The melting point range is affected by a number of factors in addition to that of purity. Particle size, amount of material used, density of packing in the capillary tube, thickness of the capillary tube and the rate of hea ...
... completely liquid, is recorded as the melting point range of that substance. The melting point range is affected by a number of factors in addition to that of purity. Particle size, amount of material used, density of packing in the capillary tube, thickness of the capillary tube and the rate of hea ...
CHEMISTRY OF p-ELEMENTS - Львівський національний
... The boron halides are typical covalent nonmetal halides. Boron trifluoride, BF3, and boron trichloride, BCl3, are gases at room temperature; BBr3 is a liquid, and BI3 is a solid. They all consist of molecules with the expected AX3 planar triangular structure. Although the electronegativity differenc ...
... The boron halides are typical covalent nonmetal halides. Boron trifluoride, BF3, and boron trichloride, BCl3, are gases at room temperature; BBr3 is a liquid, and BI3 is a solid. They all consist of molecules with the expected AX3 planar triangular structure. Although the electronegativity differenc ...
The Major Classes of Chemical Reactions
... Of the many thousands of reactions that occur in the environment and in organisms, nearly all take place in water. Water’s remarkable power as a solvent results from two features of its molecules: the distribution of the bonding electrons and the overall shape. Recall from Section 2.7 that the elect ...
... Of the many thousands of reactions that occur in the environment and in organisms, nearly all take place in water. Water’s remarkable power as a solvent results from two features of its molecules: the distribution of the bonding electrons and the overall shape. Recall from Section 2.7 that the elect ...
George Facer`s A level Chemistry
... Even though they are polar molecules, halogenoalkanes are insoluble in water. This is because the molecules contain neither δ+ hydrogen atoms nor small δ− atoms with a lone pair of electrons, so they cannot hydrogen-bond with water. They are, however, soluble in a variety of organic solvents, such a ...
... Even though they are polar molecules, halogenoalkanes are insoluble in water. This is because the molecules contain neither δ+ hydrogen atoms nor small δ− atoms with a lone pair of electrons, so they cannot hydrogen-bond with water. They are, however, soluble in a variety of organic solvents, such a ...
Organic Chemistry - University of California, Riverside
... The general formulas R-X, R-OH, and R-NH2 suggest two different ways to view these classes of compounds. One way is for us to imagine that an alkyl group R replaces H in HNH2 (ammonia), H-OH (water), and the hydrogen halides H-X (X = F, Cl, Br, or I). We can also view haloalkanes (R-X), alcohols (R- ...
... The general formulas R-X, R-OH, and R-NH2 suggest two different ways to view these classes of compounds. One way is for us to imagine that an alkyl group R replaces H in HNH2 (ammonia), H-OH (water), and the hydrogen halides H-X (X = F, Cl, Br, or I). We can also view haloalkanes (R-X), alcohols (R- ...
Fragmentation pathway for glutamine identification: Loss of 73 da
... much higher proton affinities than the oxygens. The imine nitrogen could be the initial proton holder because more resonance structures result with the proton on the imine nitrogen than with the proton on the amine nitrogen. The -N-C⫽N- group is analog to a carboxyl group(-O-C⫽O-) with carbonyl oxyg ...
... much higher proton affinities than the oxygens. The imine nitrogen could be the initial proton holder because more resonance structures result with the proton on the imine nitrogen than with the proton on the amine nitrogen. The -N-C⫽N- group is analog to a carboxyl group(-O-C⫽O-) with carbonyl oxyg ...
Chapter 4 Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions
... - acids ionize in water to form H+ ions. More precisely, the H from the acid molecule is donated to a water molecule to form hydronium ion, H3O+. Most chemists use H+ and H3O+ interchangeably. - bases dissociate in water to form OH ions. Bases, like NH3, that do not contain OH ions, produce O ...
... - acids ionize in water to form H+ ions. More precisely, the H from the acid molecule is donated to a water molecule to form hydronium ion, H3O+. Most chemists use H+ and H3O+ interchangeably. - bases dissociate in water to form OH ions. Bases, like NH3, that do not contain OH ions, produce O ...
Energy Matters - Perth Grammar
... The number of H+ (aq) ions in the beaker decreased. The pH of the solution decreased. The number of SO42−(aq) ions in the beaker decreased. Water molecules formed during the reaction. A precipitate formed during the reaction. The final solution contained equal numbers of H+(aq) and OH− (aq) ions. ...
... The number of H+ (aq) ions in the beaker decreased. The pH of the solution decreased. The number of SO42−(aq) ions in the beaker decreased. Water molecules formed during the reaction. A precipitate formed during the reaction. The final solution contained equal numbers of H+(aq) and OH− (aq) ions. ...
Chapter 4
... • Essentially all soluble ionic compounds are strong electrolytes. • Only a few molecular compounds (mainly a few acids, such as HCl) are strong electrolytes. • Most molecular compounds are either nonelectrolytes or weak electrolytes. • Most organic compounds are molecular and nonelectrolytes; carbo ...
... • Essentially all soluble ionic compounds are strong electrolytes. • Only a few molecular compounds (mainly a few acids, such as HCl) are strong electrolytes. • Most molecular compounds are either nonelectrolytes or weak electrolytes. • Most organic compounds are molecular and nonelectrolytes; carbo ...
CfE HIGHER CHEMISTRY Chemistry in Society
... At the end of this reaction no reactants will remain but there will be 100% products. However, many important industrial reactants are reversible so we never achieve 100% products. Using balanced chemical equations along with data from industrial processes it is possible to determine how efficient a ...
... At the end of this reaction no reactants will remain but there will be 100% products. However, many important industrial reactants are reversible so we never achieve 100% products. Using balanced chemical equations along with data from industrial processes it is possible to determine how efficient a ...
aq - Byron High School
... In a complete ionic equation, only strong electrolytes are written as separate ions. As the (aq) designations remind us, CaCl2 , Na2CO3, and NaCl are all dissolved in the solution and are all strong electrolytes. CaCO3 is an ionic compound, but it is not soluble (rule #5). We do not write the formul ...
... In a complete ionic equation, only strong electrolytes are written as separate ions. As the (aq) designations remind us, CaCl2 , Na2CO3, and NaCl are all dissolved in the solution and are all strong electrolytes. CaCO3 is an ionic compound, but it is not soluble (rule #5). We do not write the formul ...
1. A pharmacy analyst supervises the state of a refractometer. For its
... 6. Diethyl ether relates to simple ethers. Prior to its identification by using the boiling temperature an analytical chemist must ensure that there are no: A Peroxides B Reducing substances C Alcohols D Non-volatile residue E Carboxylic acids Before determining the boiling temperature first determ ...
... 6. Diethyl ether relates to simple ethers. Prior to its identification by using the boiling temperature an analytical chemist must ensure that there are no: A Peroxides B Reducing substances C Alcohols D Non-volatile residue E Carboxylic acids Before determining the boiling temperature first determ ...
- Catalyst
... Possible reaction products are KCl and NH4NO3, or NH4Cl and KNO3. All are soluble, so there is no precipitate. KCl(aq) + NH4NO3 (aq) = No Reaction! Example: If a solution containing sodium sulfate is added to a solution containing barium nitrate, will a precipitate form? ...
... Possible reaction products are KCl and NH4NO3, or NH4Cl and KNO3. All are soluble, so there is no precipitate. KCl(aq) + NH4NO3 (aq) = No Reaction! Example: If a solution containing sodium sulfate is added to a solution containing barium nitrate, will a precipitate form? ...
SrF 2(s)
... ions are particles or groups of particles that have a net charge (either positive of negative) ...
... ions are particles or groups of particles that have a net charge (either positive of negative) ...
Midterm Practice Exam Key
... Aqueous Reactions (5 marks) 1. A substance is considered ____________ if it will dissolve in a specific solvent. 2. An ____________ in the oxidation number of an atom signifies oxidation, while a ____________ in the oxidation number signifies reduction. 3. A ____________ reaction is one in which ...
... Aqueous Reactions (5 marks) 1. A substance is considered ____________ if it will dissolve in a specific solvent. 2. An ____________ in the oxidation number of an atom signifies oxidation, while a ____________ in the oxidation number signifies reduction. 3. A ____________ reaction is one in which ...
A flask contains 0
... Another type of math problem that you will be expected to be able to do is simple logarithms. Remember a logarithm is just another way to write an exponent problem. Remember that logarithms are just a “circular” way of writing exponents. Take for example 2x = 8 can be written as log28. ...
... Another type of math problem that you will be expected to be able to do is simple logarithms. Remember a logarithm is just another way to write an exponent problem. Remember that logarithms are just a “circular” way of writing exponents. Take for example 2x = 8 can be written as log28. ...
Can Naturalistic Evolution Explain the Origin of Life on Earth
... DNA, and RNA. Some of these molecules also have been detected in meteorites from outer space and in interstellar space by astronomers using radiotelescopes. Scientists have concluded that the “building blocks of life” could have been available early in Earth’s history.’2 Even if we granted that the ...
... DNA, and RNA. Some of these molecules also have been detected in meteorites from outer space and in interstellar space by astronomers using radiotelescopes. Scientists have concluded that the “building blocks of life” could have been available early in Earth’s history.’2 Even if we granted that the ...
Chapter 4 Chemical Quantities and Aqueous
... • In both acid–base and gas-evolution reactions, as in precipitation reactions, the reactions occur when the anion from one reactant combines with the cation of the other. – Many gas-evolution reactions are also acid– base reactions. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • In both acid–base and gas-evolution reactions, as in precipitation reactions, the reactions occur when the anion from one reactant combines with the cation of the other. – Many gas-evolution reactions are also acid– base reactions. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Loeblein chemistry clicker questions2013
... • Describe how the reaction coordinate can be used to predict whether a reaction will proceed including how the potential energy of the system changes. • Describe what affects the potential energy of the particles and how that relates to the energy graph. • Describe how the reaction coordinate can b ...
... • Describe how the reaction coordinate can be used to predict whether a reaction will proceed including how the potential energy of the system changes. • Describe what affects the potential energy of the particles and how that relates to the energy graph. • Describe how the reaction coordinate can b ...
Acid
An acid (from the Latin acidus/acēre meaning sour) is a chemical substance whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste, the ability to turn blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts. Aqueous solutions of acids have a pH of less than 7. Non-aqueous acids are usually formed when an anion (negative ion) reacts with one or more positively charged hydrogen cations. A lower pH means a higher acidity, and thus a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic.There are three common definitions for acids: the Arrhenius definition, the Brønsted-Lowry definition, and the Lewis definition. The Arrhenius definition defines acids as substances which increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+), or more accurately, hydronium ions (H3O+), when dissolved in water. The Brønsted-Lowry definition is an expansion: an acid is a substance which can act as a proton donor. By this definition, any compound which can easily be deprotonated can be considered an acid. Examples include alcohols and amines which contain O-H or N-H fragments. A Lewis acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. Examples of Lewis acids include all metal cations, and electron-deficient molecules such as boron trifluoride and aluminium trichloride.Common examples of acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride which is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and tartaric acid (a solid used in baking). As these examples show, acids can be solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from solids, liquids, or gases. Strong acids and some concentrated weak acids are corrosive, but there are exceptions such as carboranes and boric acid.